Bottled and Packaged Water: Volume 4: The Science of Beverages

Cover
BOTTLED AND
PACKAGED WATER
Volume 4: The Science of
Beverages
Copyright
Contributors
Series Preface
Preface
1
Mineral and Bottled Water as Natural Beverages
	Introduction
	Physicochemical Properties of Mineral and Therapeutic Water and Its Roles in Daily Life
		Selected Methods Used in the Measurement of the Chemical Composition of Mineral and Therapeutic Waters and the Radioactive ...
		Occurrence of Heavy and Radioactive Elements in Mineral and Therapeutic Waters
			Heavy Elements
				Calcium
				Magnesium
				Sodium
				Potassium
				Iron
				Barium
				Manganese
				Silver
				Copper
				Nickel
				Cobalt
				Lead and Cadmium
				Mercury
				Aluminum
				Arsenic
				Chromium
				Molybdenum
				Vanadium
			Radioactive Elements (Radionuclides)
				Potassium 40K
				Uranium
				Radium Isotopes
				Lead 210Pb
				Polonium 210Po
				Radon (222Rn)
	Treatment of Natural Water
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
	Further Reading
2
The World Around Bottled Water
	Introduction
	Types of Bottled Water
	Bottled Water Versus Tap Water
	Bottled Water Industry
	Manufacture of Bottled Water
	Labeling on Bottled Water
	Energy Requirement for the Production of Bottled Water
	Consumption of Bottled Water
	How to Reduce Bottled Water Consumption
	Water Quality Indices
	Environmental Risk
	Suggestions for the Future
	Cons and Pros
	To Know
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	Conflict of Interest
	References
	Further Reading
3
Study of Water Quality of Packaged and Municipal Supply Drinking Water With Performance Evaluation of Stand-Alone Filters
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Objectives
	Materials and Methods
	Methodology of the Work
		Collection of Sample
		Testing of Sample
	Results and Discussion
		Bottled Package Drinking Water ( Ray, 2015 ; Ray et al., 2016)
		Bubble Top Can Package Drinking Water
		Reverse Osmosis (RO) Water Filter
		Domestic Built-In Stand-Alone Filters
		KMC Supply Water Filtered by Candle Filters
		Prepared Water Sample (as Controlled) Filtered by Candle Filters
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
4
Water Purification Technologies
	Need for Water Purification
	Strategies in Water Management
		Production
		Reuse
		Protections
	Technologies for Disinfection
		UV Disinfection
		Ozonation
			Ozonation Process
			Disadvantages of the Use of Ozone
	Membrane Technologies
		Microfiltration
		Ultrafiltration
		Nanofiltration
			Separation Mechanisms in NF
		Reverse Osmosis
			Difficulties Associated With Process of RO
				Scaling
				Boron Removal Process
				Brine Disposal
		Future Development of Membrane Technology
			Electrodialysis
	Advanced Oxidation Process
		Ozone With H2O2 Addition
		UV Irradiation With H2O2 Addition
	Ion-Exchange Technology
	Biological Filtration
	Biosorption
		Biosorption Mechanism
		Transport Across Cell Membrane
		Physical Adsorption
		Ion Exchange
		Complexation
		Precipitation
		Factors Influencing Biosorption
		Comparison Between Low-Cost Adsorbents and Active Carbon
			Chitosan
			Zeolites
			Clay
			Activated Carbon
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
5
Multielement and Isotopic Characterization of Bottled Mineral Waters on the Romanian Market
	Introduction
	Macro-, Micro-, and Toxic Elements in Waters
	Isotopic Characterization of Drinking Waters
	Data Processing Using Chemometric Methods
	Elemental and Isotopic Content, Combined With Chemometric Approach, for Romanian Mineral Water Characterization
		Element Determination
		Isotopic Determination
		Statistical Analysis
		Acknowledgment
	References
	Further Reading
6
Evaluation of Water Quality Available for Direct Use and in Beverages in Agra (India)
	Introduction
	Study Area
		District Profile
			Origin and Development
			Location, Boundaries, and Weather
			Area and Population
			Infrastructure
		Economy
	Origin of the Research Problem
	Review of Research and Development in the Subject
		River Yamuna
	Interdisciplinary Relevance
	Significance of the Study
	Materials and Methods
		Groundwater Sample Collection for Physicochemical Properties
	Results and Discussions
		pH
		Dissolved Oxygen
		Total Dissolved Solids
		Electric Conductivity
		Turbidity
		Fluoride
		Hardness
		Alkalinity
		Na
		Potassium
		Calcium
		Phosphate
		Chloride
		Magnesium
		Bicarbonate
		Sulfate
			Odor Problems
			Corrosion of Sewers
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
	Further Reading
7
Chemical Sensors for Water Potability Assessment
	Introduction
	Classification of Chemical Sensors for Water Analysis
		Electrochemical Sensors
		Optical Sensors
		Gravimetric and Other Types of Sensors
		Multisensors Approach
	Case Study 1: Potentiometric E-tongue for MC-LR Screening in Drinking Water
		Case Statement
		Experimental
		Results
		Outline
	Case Study 2: Detection of Diverse Threats in Potable Water With Optical Sensor Arrays
		Case Statement
		Experimental
		Results
		Outline
	Case Study 3: Multitransduction Sensory System for the Assessment of Transition Metals in Drinking Water
		Case Statement
		Experimental
		Results
		Outline
	Conclusions
	References
8
Microbiological and Chemical Characterization of Bottled Waters
	Introduction
	Classification and Biology of Bottled Water
	Microbiological and Physicochemical Parameters Tested for the Assessment of Bottled Water Quality
		Microbiological Parameters Monitored for Water in Bottles or Other Containers
		Number of Heterotrophic Bacteria Grown at 22°C and 37°C
		Physicochemical Parameters Assessed for Water Bottled in Bottles or Other Containers
			Taste and Smell
			pH
			Hardness
	Analytical Methods Used for Water Testing
		Microbiological Assays
			Membrane Filtration Method
			Pour Plate Method
		Analytical Methods for Assessing the Chemical Parameters of Bottled Waters
			Electrometric Method
	Conclusions
	References
9
Advanced Biodegradable Materials for Water and Beverages Packaging
	Introduction
	Biodegradable Polymers
		Polymers Extracted From Natural (Plant) Materials
		Polymers Produced by Chemical Synthesis From Renewable Bio-Derived Monomers
		Polymers Produced by Microorganisms
	Plastic Polymers Degrading Microorganisms
	Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers From Water and Beverages Packaging
	Nanoparticles as Promotors for Biodegradation
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further Reading
10
Contribution of Mineral and Tap Water to the Dietary Intake of As, B, Ca, Ce, Cu, F, La, Li, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, U, and Zn  ...
	Introduction
	Methodology for Assessing the Contribution of Mineral Waters to the Diet-Related Mineral in Take of Humans
		Mineral Concentrations in Solid Food
		Mineral Concentrations in Bottled Mineral and Tap Water
	Significance of As, B, Ca, Ce, Cu, F, La, Li, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, U, and Zn for Human Health and Contribution of t ...
		Arsenic (As)
		Boron (B)
		Calcium (Ca)
		Cerium (Ce) and Lanthanum (La)
		Copper (Cu)
		Fluorine (F)
		Lithium (Li)
		Molybdenum (Mo)
		Nickel (Ni)
		Phosphorus (P)
		Lead (Pb)
		Strontium (Sr)
		Uranium (U)
		Zinc (Zn)
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
11
Significance of Geographical, Hydrogeological, and Hydrogeochemical Origin for the Elemental Composition of Bottled German ...
	Introduction
	Elemental Concentrations in Bottled German Mineral Waters
	Standardization of Elemental Concentrations in Bottled Mineral Waters
	Significance of the Geological Origin of Bottled Mineral Waters
	Significance of the Hydrogeological Origin of Bottled Mineral Waters
	Significance of the Hydrogeochemical Classification of Bottled Mineral Waters
	Significance of Principal Component Analysis of Bottled Mineral Waters
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
12
Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in Flavored Waters and Fruit Juices
	Introduction
	Bioactive Compounds in Juices and Flavored Waters
		Phenolic Compounds
			Methodologies for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds
		Carotenoid Compounds
			Methodologies for the Determination of Carotenoid Compounds
		Betalain Compounds
			Methodologies for the Determination of Betalain Compounds
		Vitamin C
			Methodologies for the Determination of Vitamin C
	Pharmacological Activities of Fresh Juices and Flavored Waters
		In Vitro Studies
		Total Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Using a DNA-Based Sensor
		In Vivo Studies
	The Effect of Processing on the Content of Bioactive Compounds
		Drying Processes
		Cold Plasma
		Storage Temperature
		Thermal Treatments
		Enzymatic Treatment
		Alcoholic Fermentation
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
13
Plants Infused Water as Preferred Healthy Drinks
	Introduction
	Water Extraction of Phytochemicals
		Fruits
		Vegetables
		Herbs
	Beneficial Properties of Infused Water
		Fruits
			Antioxidant Effect
			Detoxification
			Energy Drink/Hydration
			Improve Lipid Profile
		Vegetables
			Antioxidant Effect
			Laxative
			Antihypertensive and Hypolipidemic Effects
			Antidiabetic Effect
		Herbs
			Antioxidative Effect
			Antimicrobial Effect
			Anti-inflammatory Effect
			Antihyperglycemic Effect
			Anti-glycation Effect
			Body Weight Control
			Antihypertensive Effect
			Chemopreventive Effect
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
14
Main Microbiological Pollutants of Bottled Waters and Beverages
	Introduction
	Main Microbiological Pollutants of Bottled Waters
		Main Bacterial Contaminants
		Viruses
		Protozoan Drinking Water Contaminants
		Yeasts and Fungi
		Main Microbial Toxins Found in Water
	Main Microbial Contaminants of Beverages
		Yeasts
		Molds
		Bacteria
		Pathogenic Species
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
15
Energy Use and Energy Saving Potentials in Food Processing and Packaging: Case Study of Nigerian Industries
	Introduction
	Global Overview of Industrial Sector
		Global Energy Demand in Industrial Sector
	Overview of the Nigerian Industrial Sector
		Patterns of Energy and Electricity Consumption in Nigeria Industrial Sector
	Food Manufacturing and Processing Industries—Global Overview
		Energy Use Pattern in Nigeria Food Manufacturing and Processing Industries
		Energy-Saving Potentials in Food Manufacturing and Processing Industries
			Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning System
			Electrical Drives
			Electric Process Heat
			Lighting
			Electric Generator
				Internal Transport
				Compressed Air
	Possible Energy-Saving Technologies in Nigeria Food Processing Industries
		Benefits of Utilizing Energy-Saving Technologies in Food Processing Industries
		Barriers to Implementing Energy-Saving Measures in Food Processing Industries in Nigeria
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
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