Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: An Essential Grammar

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Introduction
How to use this book
List of abbreviations
Chapter 1 The story of “four languages”
	1.1 Ekavian and Iyekavian pronunciations
	1.2 Number of speakers, official language names
	1.3 Brief outline of main grammatical differences
Chapter 2 Alphabet, pronunciation, spelling
	2.1 Vowels
	2.2 Consonants
		2.2.1 Voiced/unvoiced consonants
		2.2.2 Soft/hard consonants
	2.3 Consonant and vowel alternations
		2.3.1 Consonant softening before -E (palatalisation)
		2.3.2 Consonant softening before -I (sibilarisation)
		2.3.3 J-changes (yotation)
		2.3.4 Voicing assimilation
		2.3.5 L/O changes
		2.3.6 Fleeting -a-
		2.3.7 Removal of a duplicated consonant
		2.3.8 Multiple alternations
Chapter 3 Nouns
	3.1 Gender
		3.1.1 Masculine nouns
		3.1.2 Feminine nouns
		3.1.3 Neuter nouns
	3.2 Plural (nominative plural)
		3.2.1 Masculine nouns
		3.2.2 Feminine nouns
		3.2.3 Neuter nouns
		3.2.4 Neuter collective nouns
	3.3 Cases
		3.3.1 Cases in English and BCMS
		3.3.2 The First and Second Declensions – singular
		3.3.3 Nominative
		3.3.4 Genitive
		3.3.5 Dative
		3.3.6 Accusative
		3.3.7 Vocative
		3.3.8 Instrumental
		3.3.9 Locative
		3.3.10 Accusative vs locative (destination vs location)
		3.3.11 The First and Second Declensions plural
		3.3.12 Genitive plural
		3.3.13 The Third Declension (feminine nouns ending in a consonant)
		3.3.14 Frequently used nouns with irregularities in declension
		3.3.15 Only plural nouns (pluralia tantum)
Chapter 4 Adjectives
	4.1 Descriptive and relational adjectives
	4.2 Gender
	4.3 Short–long forms
	4.4 Case endings
		4.4.1 Short form declension
	4.5 Possessive adjectives (Markov, Vesnin)
	4.6 Comparison
		4.6.1 Comparative
		4.6.2 Superlative
		4.6.3 How to say “than”
Chapter 5 Pronouns
	5.1 Personal pronouns
	5.2 Possessive pronouns
		5.2.1 Svoj – possessive-reflexive pronoun for all persons
	5.3 Demonstrative pronouns ovaj – taj – onaj, ovakav, ovoliki
	5.4 Interrogative pronouns ko – tko, šta – što, koji, čiji, kakav, koliki
	5.5 Relative pronouns – koji, što, čiji, kakav, ko
	5.6 Indefinite pronouns
		5.6.1 Emphasised indefinite pronouns (whatever, whoever)
	5.7 Reflexive pronoun sebe (se)
	5.8 Pronoun sav, sva, sve (all, whole)
	5.9 Pronoun sam, sama, samo
Chapter 6 Numerals
	6.1 Cardinal numbers
		6.1.1 Cardinal numbers’ agreement with nouns, pronouns and adjectives
	6.2 Ordinal numbers
	6.3 Collective numbers -oro (two people, three people)
	6.4 Numerical nouns -orica (two men, three men)
	6.5 Approximate numbers -ak
	6.6 Fractions -ina
	6.7 Numerals acting as a subject
	6.8 Numbers used in dates
		6.8.1 Days of the week
		6.8.2 Months of the year
	6.9 How to tell the time
	6.10 Expressing age
Chapter 7 Verbs
	7.1 Infinitives
	7.2 Conjugations
		7.2.1 Present tense stem
		7.2.2 Three conjugations
	7.3 Types of verbs
		7.3.1 Transitive/intransitive verbs
		7.3.2 Auxiliary verbs – biti and htjeti = hteti
		7.3.3 Regular verbs, pattern verbs, irregular verbs
		7.3.4 Perfective/imperfective verbs
		7.3.5 Verbs of motion
		7.3.6 Modal verbs
		7.3.7 Reflexive verbs
	7.4 Tenses
		7.4.1 Present tense
		7.4.2 Past tense (perfect tense)
		7.4.3 Future tense
		7.4.4 Future exact
	7.5 Moods
		7.5.1 Imperative
		7.5.2 Potential mode
	7.6 Participles
		7.6.1 L-participle
		7.6.2 Passive participle
	7.7 Conditional clauses
		7.7.1 Realistic – ako
		7.7.2 Currently possible – kad(a)
		7.7.3 Unrealistic – da
	7.8 Passive voice
		7.8.1 Present passive
		7.8.2 Past and future passive
	7.9 Verbal adverbs
		7.9.1 Present verbal adverb
		7.9.2 Past verbal adverb
Chapter 8 Adverbs
	8.1 -LY adverbs and equivalents in BCMS
	8.2 Comparison
	8.3 Adverbs as stand-alone words
	8.4 Learning tip: adverb families
		8.4.1 ne-, ni-, -i adverbs
		8.4.2 ov-, t-, on- adverbs
		8.4.3 Emphasised indefinite adverbs (wherever, whenever)
Chapter 9 Prepositions
	9.1 Prepositions used with only one case
		9.1.1 Only with the genitive
		9.1.2 Only with the dative
		9.1.3 Only with the accusative
	9.2 Prepositions used with two cases
		9.2.1 Used with the locative or accusative
		9.2.2 Used with the instrumental or accusative
		9.2.3 Learning tip: when to use U, when NA
		9.2.4 Correlation between U – IZ and NA – SA
	9.3 Prepositions with verbs of motion
Chapter 10 Conjunctions and particles
	10.1 Simple conjunctions
	10.2 Compound conjunctions
	10.3 Particles
Chapter 11 Sentence structure
	11.1 Free word order
	11.2 Enclitics
	11.3 Direct and indirect speech
		11.3.1 Reporting statements
		11.3.2 Reporting questions
	11.4 Predicate-only sentences
		11.4.1 Impersonal predicate-only sentences
		11.4.2 Personalised predicate-only sentences
	11.5 Negative sentences – multiple negatives
Chapter 12 Word creation
	12.1 The power of word creation
	12.2 Nouns
		12.2.1 Suffixes for professions, doers, athletes
		12.2.2 Suffixes for ethnicities, city dwellers, regional populations
		12.2.3 -CIJA suffix for adopting foreign words
		12.2.4 Diminutives
		12.2.5 Augmentatives
		12.2.6 Location suffixes
		12.2.7 Suffix naming types of meat
		12.2.8 Suffixes for abstract nouns
		12.2.9 Verbal nouns -NJE
		12.2.10 Negative nouns NE-
	12.3 Adjectives
		12.3.1 Relational adjectives
		12.3.2 Descriptive adjectives
		12.3.3 Adjective prefixes pre-, bez-, ne-
	12.4 Verbs
		12.4.1 Suffixes that change foreign words into verbs
		12.4.2 Prefixes
Chapter 13 Croatian-Serbian glossary
	13.1 Nouns
	13.2 Adjectives
	13.3 Verbs
	13.4 Adverbs
	13.5 Everyday expressions
Chapter 14 Verb conjugation tables
	14.1 Irregular verbs
		14.1.1 BITI
		14.1.2 MOĆI
		14.1.3 HTJETI = HTETI
		14.1.4 SLATI
	14.2 A conjugation (regular)
	14.3 I conjugation (regular)
		14.3.1 I conjugation pattern -ETI -IM
		14.3.2 I conjugation pattern -ATI -IM
	14.4 E conjugation patterns
		14.4.1 Pattern -ATI -EM
			a) STAJATI – STAJEM
			b) PISATI – PIŠEM
			c) ZVATI – ZOVEM
		14.4.2 Pattern -ATI -ANEM
		14.4.3 Pattern -AVATI -AJEM
		14.4.4 Pattern -OVATI -UJEM
		14.4.5 Pattern -IVATI -UJEM
		14.4.6 Pattern -ETI -EM
			a) UMJETI-UMIJEM = UMETI-UMEM
			b) DONIJETI-DONESEM = DONETI-DONESEM
			c) UZETI-UZMEM
		14.4.7 Pattern -ITI -IJEM
		14.4.8 Pattern -UTI -UJEM
		14.4.9 Pattern -NUTI -NEM
		14.4.10 -STI infinitives
			a) Pattern -STI -DEM
			b) Pattern -STI -DNEM OR -TNEM
			c) Pattern -STI -ZEM
			d) Pattern -STI -STEM
		14.4.11 -ĆI infinitives
			a) Pattern -ĆI -DEM
			b) Pattern -ĆI -ĐEM
			c) Pattern -ĆI, -GNEM OR -KNEM
			d) Pattern -ĆI, -ČEM
Bibliography
Index