Boorman's Pathology of the Rat: Reference and Atlas

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	Front-matter_2018_Boorman-s-Pathology-of-the-Rat
		Boorman’s Pathology of the Rat
	Copyright_2018_Boorman-s-Pathology-of-the-Rat
		Copyright
	List-of-Contributors_2018_Boorman-s-Pathology-of-the-Rat
		List of Contributors
	Preface_2018_Boorman-s-Pathology-of-the-Rat
		Preface
	Acknowledgements-to-Contributors-of-the-First_2018_Boorman-s-Pathology-of-th
		Acknowledgements to Contributors of the First Edition
1
	1 Introduction
2
	2 Introduction to First Edition
		Bibliography
3
	3 The History of the Rat
		1 Introduction
		2 Origin
			2.1 Wistar Strains
			2.2 F344 Strain
			2.3 Sprague–Dawley Strain
		3 Use of the Rat Strains in Chronic Carcinogenicity Studies
			3.1 Wistar Strains
			3.2 F344 Strain
			3.3 Sprague–Dawley Strain
		4 Comparison of the Rat Strains for Early Onset of Neoplasms
		Synonyms
		Bibliography
4
	4 Oral Cavity, Teeth and Gingiva
		1 Normal Oral Cavity
			1.1 Anatomy
			1.2 Histology
			1.3 Physiology
		2 Congenital Anomalies
		3 Degenerative Lesions
			3.1 Oral Cavity
		4 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
			4.1 Oral Cavity
		5 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			5.1 Oral Cavity
				5.1.1 Squamous Cell Hyperplasia
				5.1.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma
				5.1.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				5.1.4 Odontoma
				5.1.5 Miscellaneous Neoplasms
		6 Toxicologic Lesions
			6.1 Oral Cavity
		Bibliography
5
	5 Salivary Glands
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Salivary Glands
			2.1 Embryology and Perinatal Development
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
				2.2.1 Submandibular Salivary Gland (Submaxillary or Mandibular)
				2.2.2 Sublingual Salivary Gland (Major)
				2.2.3 Parotid Salivary Gland
				2.2.4 Minor Salivary Glands
			2.3 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Basophilic Hypertrophic Foci
			6.2 Adenoma
			6.3 Adenocarcinoma
			6.4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			6.5 Mesenchymal Neoplasms
		7 Toxicologic Lesions
		Further Reading
6
	6 Esophagus and Stomach
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Upper Digestive Tract
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
				2.2.1 Esophagus
				2.2.2 Stomach
			2.3 Histology
				2.3.1 Esophagus
				2.3.2 Stomach
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Anomalies
		4 Degenerative Lesions
			4.1 Esophagus
			4.2 Stomach
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
			5.1 Esophagus
				5.1.1 Gavage Accidents
				5.1.2 Esophagectasis
			5.2 Stomach
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Esophagus
			6.2 Stomach
				6.2.1 Nonglandular Stomach
					6.2.1.1 Squamous Cell Hyperplasia
					6.2.1.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma
					6.2.1.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				6.2.2 Glandular Stomach
					6.2.2.1 Hyperplasia
					6.2.2.2 Adenoma (Adenomatous Polyp)
					6.2.2.3 Adenocarcinoma
					6.2.2.4 Carcinoid
					6.2.2.5 Miscellaneous Neoplasms
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
			8.1 Esophagus
			8.2 Stomach
				8.2.1 Nonglandular Stomach
				8.2.2 Glandular Stomach
		Bibliography
7
	7 Small and Large Intestine
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Intestine
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
			2.3 Physiology
		3 Congenital Anomalies
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Hyperplasia
			6.2 Neoplastic Lesions
				6.2.1 Epithelial Neoplasms
				6.2.2 Mesenchymal Neoplasms
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
8
	8 Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, Mesentery, and Abdominal Cavity
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Peritoneum
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
		3 Congenital Anomalies
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
9
	9 Liver
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Liver
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
			4.1 Lipidosis/Steatosis/Fatty Accumulation
			4.2 Necrosis and Apoptosis
			4.3 Cystic Degeneration/Spongiosis Hepatis
			4.4 Peribiliary Fibrosis
			4.5 Hepatic Cysts (Biliary)
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
			5.1 Inflammatory Lesions
			5.2 Angiectasis (Telangiectasis, Peliosis Hepatis)
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Hepatocellular Lesions
				6.1.1 Foci of Cellular Alteration
				6.1.2 Focal Hepatocellular Hyperplasia
				6.1.3 Hepatocellular Adenoma
				6.1.4 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			6.2 Biliary Lesions
				6.2.1 Bile Duct Hyperplasia
				6.2.2 Cholangiofibrosis
				6.2.3 Oval Cell Hyperplasia
				6.2.4 Cholangioma
				6.2.5 Cholangiocarcinoma
			6.3 Miscellaneous Lesions
				6.3.1 Hepatocholangiocarcinoma
				6.3.2 Anaplastic Carcinoma
				6.3.3 Vascular Neoplasms
				6.3.4 Histiocytic Sarcoma
				6.3.5 Lipoma or Liposarcoma
				6.3.6 Metastatic Neoplasms
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
			7.1 Polyploidy
			7.2 Inclusions
			7.3 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
		Acknowledgments
		Bibliography
10
	10 Exocrine Pancreas
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Normal Exocrine Pancreas
			10.2.1 Embryology
			10.2.2 Anatomy
			10.2.3 Histology
			10.2.4 Physiology
		10.3 Congenital Lesions
		10.4 Degenerative Lesions
			10.4.1 Hydropic Degeneration, Fatty Degeneration, and Autophagocytosis (Apoptosis)
			10.4.2 Necrosis
			10.4.3 Atrophy
			10.4.4 Lipomatosis
			10.4.5 Peri-Islet Fibrosis and Hemosiderosis
		10.5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		10.6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			10.6.1 Acinar Cell Hyperplasia
			10.6.2 Acinar Cell Adenoma
			10.6.3 Acinar Cell Carcinoma
			10.6.4 Mixed Acinar-Islet Cell Adenoma
		10.7 Miscellaneous Lesions
			10.7.1 Basophilic Cytoplasmic Change
			10.7.2 Hepatocyte Metaplasia
		10.8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
11
	11 Kidney
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Kidney
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
				2.3.1 Glomerulus
				2.3.2 Renal Tubules
				2.3.3 Collecting Duct System
				2.3.4 Renal Vessels and Nerves
				2.3.5 Renal Interstitium
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
			4.1 Chronic Progressive Nephropathy
			4.2 Acute Tubule Necrosis
			4.3 Degenerative Changes
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Renal Tubule Epithelium
				6.1.1 Renal Tubule Hyperplasia
				6.1.2 Renal Tubule Adenoma
				6.1.3 Renal Tubule Carcinoma
				6.1.4 Oncocytoma
				6.1.5 Familial Tumors
			6.2 Other Neoplasms
				6.2.1 Lipomatous Tumors
				6.2.2 Renal Mesenchymal Tumor
				6.2.3 Nephroblastoma
				6.2.4 Connective Tissue and Vascular Tumors
				6.2.5 Secondary Metastatic Neoplasms
			6.3 Renal Pelvic Urothelium
				6.3.1 Urothelial Hyperplasia
				6.3.2 Urothelial Papilloma
				6.3.3 Urothelial Carcinoma
				6.3.4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		7 Miscellaneous Changes
		8 Artifacts
		9 Toxicologic Lesions
			9.1 General Considerations
			9.2 Glomerular Toxicity
			9.3 Tubule Toxicity
			9.4 Papillary Toxicity
			9.5 Vascular Lesions
			9.6 Specific Forms of Nephrotoxicity
				9.6.1 α2u-Globulin Nephropathy
				9.6.2 Retrograde Nephropathy
			9.7 Experimentally Induced Renal Carcinogenesis
		Bibliography
12
	12 Urinary Bladder, Ureter, and Urethra
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Urinary Pathway
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
				2.2.1 Urinary Bladder
				2.2.2 Ureter
				2.2.3 Urethra
			2.3 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Inflammatory Lesions
		5 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			5.1 Urothelial Hyperplasia and Metaplasia
			5.2 Urothelial Neoplasms
				5.2.1 Papilloma
				5.2.2 Carcinomas
				5.2.3 Squamous Cell Neoplasms
				5.2.4 Adenocarcinoma
				5.2.5 Mesenchymal Neoplasms
				5.2.6 Urinary Bladder Polyp
				5.2.7 Metastatic Neoplasms
		6 Miscellaneous
			6.1 Urolithiasis
			6.2 Trichosomoides crassicauda (Bladder Threadworm)
			6.3 Angiectasis
			6.4 Artifacts
			6.5 Diverticuli
		7 Toxicologic Lesions
		8 Experimentally Induced URINARY BLADDER Carcinogenesis
		Bibliography
13
	13 Brain
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Embryology
			1.2 Anatomy
		2 Congenital Lesions
		3 Degenerative Lesions
			3.1 Artifacts
			3.2 Basophilic Bodies/Mineralization
			3.3 Osseous Metaplasia
			3.4 Neuronal Vacuolation
			3.5 Neuronal Degeneration and Necrosis
			3.6 Neuronal Pigmentation
			3.7 Gliosis
			3.8 Degenerative Changes Affecting Axons and Myelin Within the CNS
			3.9 Neuronal Chromatolysis
			3.10 Malacia
			3.11 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
				3.11.1 Infectious Agents
				3.11.2 Mononuclear Inflammatory Cell Infiltrates
				3.11.3 Arteritis
				3.11.4 Thrombosis/Infarction
				3.11.5 Hemorrhage
				3.11.6 Edema
		4 Hyperplastic Lesions
			4.1 Granular Cell Hyperplasia
		5 Neoplastic Lesions
			5.1 Neuronal Tumors
				5.1.1 Medulloblastoma
				5.1.2 Neuromyoblastoma
			5.2 Glial Tumors
				5.2.1 Astrocytoma
				5.2.2 Oligodendroglioma
				5.2.3 Mixed Glioma
			5.3 Meningeal Tumors
				5.3.1 Meningioma
				5.3.2 Granular Cell Tumor
				5.3.3 Other Lineages
					5.3.3.1 Ependymoma
					5.3.3.2 Choroid Plexus Neoplasms
					5.3.3.3 Benign and Malignant Nerve Sheath Neoplasms
					5.3.3.4 Malignant Reticulosis
					5.3.3.5 Hamartoma, Lipomatous (Lipoma)
					5.3.3.6 Pineal Gland Neoplasms
					5.3.3.7 Vascular Neoplasms
					5.3.3.8 Metastatic and Invasive Neoplasms
		6 Toxicologic Lesions
			6.1 Primary Toxic Damage to Neurons (Toxic Neuronopathies)
			6.2 Primary Damage to Axons (Toxic Axonopathies)
			6.3 Primary Damage to Myelin (Toxic Myelinopathies)
			6.4 Toxic Damage to Astrocytes
			6.5 Toxic Damage to Microglia
			6.6 Miscellaneous Toxic Lesions
		Bibliography
14
	14 The Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System
		1 Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves
			1.1 Introduction
			1.2 Embryology and Anatomy
			1.3 Sampling and Histology
			1.4 Congenital Lesions
				1.4.1 Neural Tube Defects
				1.4.2 Epidermoid Cyst
			1.5 Degenerative Lesions
				1.5.1 Lipofuscin Deposition in Neurons
				1.5.2 Radiculoneuropathy (Radicular Myelinopathy)
				1.5.3 Axonal Atrophy (Dorsal Funiculus, Peripheral Nerves) Associated with Aging
				1.5.4 Axonal Dystrophy
			1.6 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
			1.7 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
				1.7.1 Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors—Schwann Cell Neoplastic Lesions (Schwannoma, Neurilemmoma, Neurinoma)
				1.7.2 Neuroblastic Tumors: Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroma, Paraganglioma (Chemodectoma, Glomus Tumor)
		2 Artifacts
		3 Toxicologic Lesions
			3.1 Primary Damage to Perikarya of Peripheral Neurons
			3.2 Primary Damage to Axons of Peripheral Neurons
			3.3 Primary Damage to Myelin Sheaths or Schwann Cells
			3.4 Induced Neoplastic Lesions
		4 Animal Models of Peripheral Neuropathies
		References
15
	15 Ears and Pinna
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Ear and Pinna
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
			2.3 Function
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
			5.1 External Ear
			5.2 Middle Far
			5.3 Auditory Tube
			5.4 Inner Far
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Hyperplasia
			6.2 Neoplasia
		7 Neural Crest Neoplasm of the Pinna
		8 Miscellaneous Lesions
			8.1 External Ear
		9 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
16
	16 Eye and Associated Glands
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Eye and Associated Glands
			2.1 Embryology
				2.1.1 Eye
				2.1.2 Adnexa
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
				2.2.1 Eye
				2.2.2 Adnexa
			2.3 Physiology
				2.3.1 Eye
				2.3.2 Adnexa
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
			4.1 Eye
				4.1.1 Corneal Mineral Deposits
				4.1.2 Scleral Osseous/Cartilaginous Metaplasia
				4.1.3 Cataracts
				4.1.4 Retinal Degeneration and Atrophy
					4.1.4.1 Spontaneous Retinopathies
					4.1.4.2 Exposure to Light
					4.1.4.3 Age-Related Retinal Degeneration
					4.1.4.4 Retinal Degeneration Secondary to Increased Intraocular Pressure
				4.1.5 Microcystoid Degeneration of the Retina
				4.1.6 Pigment Accumulation
				4.1.7 Vacuolar Degeneration of the Choroid
			4.2 Adnexa
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
			5.1 Eye
			5.2 Adnexa
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Eye
				6.1.1 Dermoid
				6.1.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma and Carcinoma
				6.1.3 Melanocytic Hyperplasia
				6.1.4 Melanoma, Uveal, Malignant
				6.1.5 Leiomyoma, Uveal
				6.1.6 Leiomyosarcoma and Hemangiosarcoma
				6.1.7 Schwannoma, Intraocular, Malignant
				6.1.8 Retinoblastoma
			6.2 Harderian Gland
				6.2.1 Hyperplasia, Acinar
				6.2.2 Adenoma
				6.2.3 Adenocarcinoma
			6.3 Lacrimal Gland
				6.3.1 Hyperplasia, Acinar
				6.3.2 Adenoma
				6.3.3 Adenocarcinoma
				6.3.4 Hemangioma
				6.3.5 Squamous Cell Hyperplasia, Papilloma, and Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Duct
			6.4 Optic Nerve
				6.4.1 Meningioma
				6.4.2 Malignant Schwannoma
				6.4.3 Ganglioneuroma
				6.4.4 Glioma
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
			7.1 Eye
				7.1.1 Epithelial (Inclusion) Cyst
				7.1.2 Synechia and Other Sequelae of Intraocular Inflammation
				7.1.3 Retinal Detachment
				7.1.4 Retinal Gliosis
			7.2 Adnexa
				7.2.1 Chromodacryorrhea
				7.2.2 Cytomegaly (Karyomegaly) of the Lacrimal Gland
				7.2.3 Intranuclear Inclusions of Lacrimal Glands
				7.2.4 Harderian Gland Alteration in the Lacrimal Gland
				7.2.5 Epithelial Cyst of the Nasolacrimal Duct
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
			8.1 Eye
				8.1.1 Cornea
				8.1.2 Uvea
				8.1.3 Lens
				8.1.4 Retina
				8.1.5 Vitreous Body
				8.1.6 Optic Nerve
			8.2 Adnexa
		Bibliography
17
	17 Skeletal Muscle
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Skeletal Muscle
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histologic and Ultrastructural Features
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Anomalies
		4 Degenerative Lesions
			4.1 Atrophy
			4.2 Hypertrophy
			4.3 Degeneration and Necrosis
			4.4 Regeneration
			4.5 Hormonal Disorders
			4.6 Nutritional Disorders
		5 Parasitic, Inflammatory, and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
		7 Miscellaneous
			7.1 Hind Leg Myopathy of Aging Rats
			7.2 Other
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Acknowledgments
		Bibliography
18
	18 Bones, Joints, and Synovia
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Bones, Joints, and Synovia
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
			2.4 Evaluation Methods
			2.5 Physiology
		3 Non-proliferative Lesions
			3.1 Congenital Lesions
			3.2 Disturbances of Growth or Metabolism
				3.2.1 Increased Bone, Trabeculae and/or Cortex
				3.2.2 Decreased Bone, Trabeculae and/or Cortex
				3.2.3 Increased Osteoid/Hyperosteoidosis
				3.2.4 Fibrous Osteodystrophy
				3.2.5 Increased Eroded Surface
			3.3 Necrosis
			3.4 Fracture and Callus Formation
			3.5 Increased Physeal Thickness and/or Physeal Dysplasia
			3.6 Decreased Physeal Thickness
			3.7 Degenerative Joint Disease
			3.8 Chondromucinous Degeneration
			3.9 Inflammation
			3.10 Reactive New Bone Formation
		4 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			4.1 Hyperplastic Bone Lesions
				4.1.1 Osteochondroma
			4.2 Hyperplastic Synovial Lesions
			4.3 Bone Neoplasms
				4.3.1 Osteosarcoma
				4.3.2 Osteoma
				4.3.3 Osteoblastoma
			4.4 Cartilage Neoplasms
				4.4.1 Chondroma and Chondrosarcoma
				4.4.2 Synovial Sarcoma
		Bibliography
19
	19 The Skin and Subcutis
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Skin and Subcutis
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
			2.3 Physiology
		3 Infectious Diseases
		4 Congenital Lesions
		5 Non-neoplastic Lesions
			5.1 Atrophy
			5.2 Epidermal Degeneration
			5.3 Dermal Degeneration
			5.4 Erosion and Ulceration
			5.5 Tissue Necrosis and Apoptosis
			5.6 Inflammatory Lesion
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Hyperplasia
				6.1.1 Hyperplasia of the Squamous Epithelium
				6.1.2 Hyperplasia of the Sebaceous Glands
				6.1.3 Epidermal Cyst
			6.2 Epithelial Neoplasms
				6.2.1 Squamous Cell Papilloma and Carcinoma
				6.2.2 Basal Cell Tumor (Adenoma and Carcinoma)
				6.2.3 Sebaceous Cell Adenoma and Carcinoma
				6.2.4 Trichoepithelioma
				6.2.5 Keratoacanthoma
				6.2.6 Sweat Gland Tumors
			6.3 Mesodermal Non-Neoplastic Proliferative and Neoplasmic Lesions
				6.3.1 Fibroma and Fibrosarcoma
				6.3.2 Myxoma and Myxosarcoma
				6.3.3 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma or Pleomorphic Undifferentiated Sarcoma
				6.3.4 Histiocytic Sarcoma
				6.3.5 Hemangioma and Hemangiosarcoma
				6.3.6 Hemangiopericytoma
				6.3.7 Lipoma, Liposarcoma, and Hibernoma
				6.3.8 Undifferentiated Sarcoma
			6.4 Neurogenic Neoplasms
				6.4.1 Malignant Schwannoma
				6.4.2 Neural Crest Tumor (Possible Amelanotic Melanoma)
			6.5 Other Neoplasms
		7 Toxicologic Lesions
			7.1 Non-Neoplastic Lesions
				7.1.1 Irritation
				7.1.2 Nutrition and Hormone
				7.1.3 Immune-Mediated Cutaneous Toxicity
				7.1.4 Phototoxicity
			7.2 Neoplastic Lesions
				7.2.1 Epithelial Neoplasm
				7.2.2 Mesenchymal Neoplasm
		Bibliography
20
	20 Specialized Sebaceous Glands—Zymbal’s Gland, Preputial Gland, Clitoral Gland, and Perianal Gland
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Specialized Sebaceous Gland
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
				2.2.1 Zymbal’s Gland (Auditory Sebaceous Gland)
				2.2.2 Preputial/Clitoral Glands
				2.2.3 Circumanal Gland (Perianal Gland)
			2.3 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory Lesions
		6 Growth Disturbances (Non-Neoplastic)
		7 Growth Disturbances (Neoplastic)
			7.1 Zymbal’s Gland
			7.2 Preputial and Clitoral Glands
			7.3 Perianal (Circumanal) Glands
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Acknowledgments
		Bibliography
21
	21 Mammary Gland
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Mammary Gland
			2.1 Embryology and Development
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Lobular or Lobuloalveolar Hyperplasia
			6.2 Focal Hyperplasia with Cellular Atypia (Atypical Hyperplasia)
			6.3 Fibroadenoma
			6.4 Adenoma
			6.5 Adenolipoma
			6.6 Adenocarcinoma
			6.7 Carcinosarcoma
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
22
	22 Nose, Larynx, and Trachea
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Upper Respiratory Tract
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
				2.2.1 Nasal Cavity
				2.2.2 Vomeronasal Organ
				2.2.3 Nasolacrimal Ducts
				2.2.4 Maxillary Sinuses
				2.2.5 Larynx
				2.2.6 Trachea
			2.3 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative, Regenerative, and Adaptive Lesions
			4.1 Nasal Cavity
				4.1.1 Squamous Epithelium
				4.1.2 Respiratory Epithelium
				4.1.3 Olfactory Epithelium
				4.1.4 Accessory Nasal Structures
			4.2 Larynx and Trachea
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Nasal Cavity
				6.1.1 Squamous Epithelium
					6.1.1.1 Squamous Cell Hyperplasia
					6.1.1.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma and Carcinoma
				6.1.2 Transitional, Respiratory and Olfactory Epithelium, and Associated Glands
					6.1.2.1 Hyperplasia and Hyperplasia with Atypia (Atypical Hyperplasia, Basal Cell Hyperplasia, Dysplasia)
					6.1.2.2 Adenoma (Adenomatous or Villous Polyp, Villous or Polypoid Adenoma)
					6.1.2.3 Adenocarcinoma
					6.1.2.4 Adenosquamous Carcinoma
					6.1.2.5 Olfactory Neuroblastoma
					6.1.2.6 Nasal Polyps
					6.1.2.7 Mesenchymal Neoplasms
			6.2 Larynx and Trachea
		7 Miscellaneous
			7.1 Nasal Cavity
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
			8.1 Nasal Passages and Associated Structures
			8.2 Larynx
			8.3 Trachea
		9 Molecular Pathology of the Upper Respiratory Tract
			9.1 Alterations in Gene Expression
			9.2 Alterations in Protein Expression
			9.3 DNA Adducts and Mutations in Nasal Tumors
		References
		Further Reading—Molecular pathology
23
	23 Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Lung
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
				2.3.1 Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
				2.3.2 Terminal Bronchioles
				2.3.3 Alveolar Duct and Alveoli
				2.3.4 Bronchial-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
				2.3.5 Pulmonary Vasculature
				2.3.6 Pleura and Mediastinum
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Infectious Diseases
			4.1 Mycoplasma pulmonis
			4.2 Cilia-Associated Respiratory Bacillus (CAR Bacillus)
			4.3 Corynebacterium kutscheri
			4.4 Pneumocystis carinii
			4.5 Rat Coronavirus
			4.6 Sendai Virus
			4.7 Rat Polyomavirus
		5 Nonproliferative, Degenerative, and Vascular Lesions
			5.1 Degeneration and Necrosis
			5.2 Fibrosis
			5.3 Alveolar Proteinosis (Lipoproteinosis)
			5.4 Alveolar Histiocytosis (Infiltrate Cellular, Histiocyte)
			5.5 Mineral
			5.6 Pigments
			5.7 Inflammatory Lesions
		6 Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Proliferative Lesions
			6.1 Regenerative Hyperplasia
			6.2 Primary Hyperplasia of the Alveolar Epithelium
			6.3 Bronchial Hyperplasia
			6.4 Mesothelial Hyperplasia
			6.5 Alveolar/Bronchiolar Adenoma and Carcinoma
			6.6 Bronchial Adenoma and Carcinoma
			6.7 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			6.8 Cystic Keratinizing Epithelioma
			6.9 Sarcoma
			6.10 Malignant Mesothelioma
			6.11 Mediastinal Neoplasms
			6.12 Metastatic Neoplasms
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
			7.1 Gavage-Related Lesions
			7.2 Hair Embolism
			7.3 Cartilaginous Metaplasia
			7.4 Osseous Metaplasia
			7.5 Goblet Cell Metaplasia
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
			8.1 Toxicity of Particles
			8.2 Toxicity of Gases
			8.3 Toxicity of Chemicals Administered Systemically
			8.4 Carcinogenesis
		References
24
	24 Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and Thymus
		1 Spleen
			1.1 Introduction
		2 Normal Spleen
			2.1 Embryology
		3 Anatomy and Histology
		4 Function
		5 Congenital Lesions
		6 Degenerative Lesions
			Atrophy
			Pigment
			6.1 Fibrosis
		7 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		8 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			8.1 Hyperplasia
		9 Neoplasia
			9.1 Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia
		10 Lymphoma and Other Hematopoietic Neoplasms
		11 Mesenchymal Neoplasms
			11.1 Fibroma and Fibrosarcoma
			11.2 Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma
			11.3 Hemangioma and Hemangiosarcoma
			11.4 Osteosarcoma
			11.5 Undifferentiated Sarcoma
			11.6 Malignant Schwannoma
		12 Other Neoplasms
		13 Miscellaneous
		14 Toxicologic Lesions
		15 Lymph Nodes
			15.1 Introduction
		16 Normal Lymph Nodes
			16.1 Embryology
			16.2 Anatomy and Histology
		17 Congenital Lesions
		18 Degenerative Lesions
		19 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		20 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			20.1 Hyperplasia
			20.2 Neoplasia
		21 Toxicologic Lesions
		22 Thymus
			22.1 Introduction
		23 Normal Thymus
			23.1 Embryology
			23.2 Anatomy and Histology
			23.3 Function
		24 Congenital Lesions
		25 Degenerative Lesions
		26 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		27 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			27.1 Hyperplasia
		28 Neoplasia
			28.1 Thymoma
		29 Thymic Lymphoma
		30 Toxicologic Lesions
		References
25
	25 Bone Marrow
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Bone Marrow
			2.1 Ontogeny
				2.1.1 Hematopoiesis
				2.1.2 Marrow Cavity
			2.2 Structure and Function
				2.2.1 Vascular Supply
				2.2.2 Stromal Elements
			2.3 Hematopoiesis and the Hematopoietic Cells
			2.4 The Myeloid: Erythroid Ratio
		3 Disturbances in Hematopoietic Cell Growth
			3.1 Increased Cell Numbers
				3.1.1 Increases in Erythroid Cells
				3.1.2 Increases in Granulocytic Cells
				3.1.3 Increases in Megakaryocytes
				3.1.4 Reactive Increases in Mast Cells
			3.2 Decreased Cell Numbers
				3.2.1 Decreases in Erythroid Cells
				3.2.2 Decreases in Granulocytic Cells
				3.2.3 Decreases in Megakaryocytic Cells
				3.2.4 Multi-Lineage Decreases
			3.3 Dyshematopoiesis
				3.3.1 Selected Dyserythropoietic Disorders
		4 Alterations of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
			4.1 Fibrosis
			4.2 Reactive Increases in Macrophages
			4.3 Focal Lipomatosis
			4.4 Miscellaneous
		5 Degenerative Changes
			5.1 Necrosis
			5.2 Thrombosis
			5.3 Gelatinous Transformation of Bone Marrow
			5.4 Inflammation
				5.4.1 Suppurative Inflammation
				5.4.2 Granulomatous Inflammation
			5.5 Neoplasia
		6 Miscellaneous
			6.1 Angiectasis
			6.2 Iron Pigmentation
		Bibliography
26
	26 Ovary
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Ovary
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
			2.3 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Nonproliferative Lesions
			4.1 Atrophy
			4.2 Decreased Number/Absence of Corpora Lutea
			4.3 Increased Size/Number of Corpora Lutea
			4.4 Degeneration Within Corpora Lutea
			4.5 Follicular Atresia
			4.6 Cysts
			4.7 Other Degenerative Lesions
		5 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			5.1 Hyperplastic Lesions
				5.1.1 Epithelial Hyperplasic Changes
				5.1.2 Sex-Cord Stromal Hyperplastic Changes
				5.1.3 Interstitial Cell Hyperplasia
			5.2 Neoplasia
				5.2.1 Epithelial Neoplasia
				5.2.2 Sex-Cord Stromal Neoplasia
			5.3 Benign and Malignant Granulosa Cell Tumors
				5.3.1 Luteoma
				5.3.2 Thecoma
				5.3.3 Sertoli Cell Tumor
				5.3.4 Sex-Cord Stromal Tumor, Mixed
				5.3.5 Germ Cell Tumors
				5.3.6 Miscellaneous Tumors
		6 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
27
	27 Oviduct, Uterus, and Vagina
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Tubular Genital Organs
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Aging Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Nonproliferative Lesions
			6.1 Atrophy
			6.2 Hypertrophy
			6.3 Cysts
			6.4 Dilation
			6.5 Prolapse
			6.6 Adenomyosis
		7 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			7.1 Oviduct
			7.2 Uterus
				7.2.1 Endometrial Hyperplasia
				7.2.2 Endometrial Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma
				7.2.3 Miscellaneous Neoplasms
				7.2.4 Decidual Reaction (Decidual Alteration, Deciduoma)
				7.2.5 Endometrial Stromal Polyp
				7.2.6 Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma
				7.2.7 Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma
				7.2.8 Malignant Schwannoma
				7.2.9 Other Mesenchymal Neoplasms
			7.3 Vagina and Cervix
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Acknowledgements
		Bibliography
28
	28 Testis and Epididymis
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Testis and Epididymis
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Postnatal Development
			2.3 Anatomy and Histology
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Hyperplasia and Adenoma of Interstitial Cells
			6.2 Mesothelioma
			6.3 Rete Testis Neoplasms
			6.4 Other Neoplasms
		7 Miscellaneous
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
29
	29 Male Accessory Sex Glands
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Male Sex Glands and Organs
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Structure
				2.2.1 Ventral Prostate
				2.2.2 Dorsolateral Prostate
				2.2.3 Ampullary Glands
				2.2.4 Coagulating Gland (Dorsocranial, Cranial, or Anterior Prostate)
				2.2.5 Seminal Vesicle (Vesicular Glands)
				2.2.6 Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)
				2.2.7 Penis
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
		7 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
30
	30 Cardiovascular System
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Embryology
				1.1.1 Blood and Lymphatic Vessels
				1.1.2 Heart
		2 Congenital Lesions
			2.1 Interventricular Septal Defect
			2.2 Hamartomas of Blood Vessels
			2.3 Patent Ductus Arteriosus
			2.4 Right-Sided Aortic Arch
		3 Degenerative Lesions
			3.1 Vascular Ectasia/Angiectasis
			3.2 Arteriosclerosis
			3.3 Focal Loss of Internal Elastic Lamina
			3.4 Intimal Proliferation
			3.5 Medial Degeneration
			3.6 Hypertrophy
			3.7 Myocardial Degeneration
			3.8 Spontaneous Cardiomyopathy
			3.9 Mineralization (Calcification)
			3.10 Thrombosis and Aneurysms
		4 Inflammatory Lesions
		5 Hyperplastic Lesions
			5.1 Endocardial Hyperplasia
			5.2 Myocardial Hyperplasia
			5.3 Proliferation and Hyperplasia of Blood Vessels
		6 Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Blood Vessels
			6.2 Heart
			6.3 Metastatic Neoplasms
			6.4 Artefacts
		7 Toxicologic Lesions
			7.1 Cardiotoxicity
			7.2 Myocardial Degeneration and Necrosis
			7.3 Biomarkers of Cardiotoxicity
			7.4 Cardiac Weight Changes, Hypertrophy, and Atrophy
			7.5 Submicroscopic (“Occult”) Cardiotoxicity
			7.6 Chemically Induced Cardiac Thrombosis
			7.7 Valve Lesions
			7.8 Neoplasia
		8 Induced Lesions In Blood Vessels
			8.1 Vasculitis
			8.2 Immune-Mediated Vasculitis
			8.3 Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, and Fibrosis
			8.4 Plexiform Vasculopathy
			8.5 Aneurysms
			8.6 Induced Degenerative Changes
			8.7 Induced Neoplasia
			8.8 Infusion Studies
		Bibliography
31
	31 Pituitary Gland
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Pituitary Gland
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Pars Distalis
				6.1.1 Focal Hyperplasia
				6.1.2 Adenoma
				6.1.3 Carcinoma
			6.2 Pars Intermedia
				6.2.1 Hyperplasia
				6.2.2 Adenoma
				6.2.3 Carcinoma
			6.3 Pars Nervosa
				6.3.1 Gliosis
				6.3.2 Hyperplasia
				6.3.3 Craniopharyngioma
				6.3.4 Pituicytoma
			6.4 Miscellaneous Neoplasms
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
32
	32 Adrenal Gland
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Adrenal Gland
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
			2.4 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
			3.1 Accessory (Adreno) Cortical Tissue
			3.2 Agenesis
		4 Degenerative Lesions
			4.1 Atrophy
			4.2 Cortical Vacuolation (Fatty Change)
			4.3 Cystic Degeneration
			4.4 Mineralization
			4.5 Lipofuscin (Ceroid)
			4.6 Necrosis
			4.7 Diffuse Lipid Depletion
			4.8 Extracapsular Cortical Tissue
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Adrenal Cortex
				6.1.1 Hypertrophy
				6.1.2 Hyperplasia
				6.1.3 Cortical Adenoma
				6.1.4 Cortical Carcinoma
			6.2 Adrenal Medulla
				6.2.1 Basophilic Focus
				6.2.2 Hyperplasia
				6.2.3 Benign and Malignant Pheochromocytoma
				6.2.4 Complex Pheochromocytoma
				6.2.5 Ganglioneuroma
				6.2.6 Neuroblastoma
				6.2.7 Metastatic Neoplasms
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
			7.1 Osseous Metaplasia
			7.2 Amyloidosis
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
			8.1 Cortex
				8.1.1 Lipidosis
				8.1.2 Phospholipidosis
				8.1.3 Necrosis
				8.1.4 Atrophy
				8.1.5 Proliferative Lesions
			8.2 Adrenal Medulla
		Bibliography
33
	33 Thyroid Gland
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Thyroid Gland
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy
			2.3 Histology
			2.4 Physiology
				2.4.1 Thyroid Hormones and Follicular Cells
				2.4.2 C Cells and Calcitonin
		3 Congenital Anomalies
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Follicular Epithelium
				6.1.1 Follicular Cell Hyperplasia
				6.1.2 Follicular Cell Adenoma
				6.1.3 Follicular Cell Carcinoma
			6.2 C Cells (Parafollicular Cells)
				6.2.1 C-Cell Hyperplasia
				6.2.2 C-Cell Adenoma
				6.2.3 C-Cell Carcinoma
		7 Miscellaneous Lesions
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		References
34
	34 Parathyroid Gland
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Parathyroid Gland
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Histology
			2.3 Physiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplasia and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Hyperplasia
			6.2 Adenoma
			6.3 Carcinoma
		7 Miscellaneous
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
35
	35 Endocrine Pancreas
		1 Introduction
		2 Normal Endocrine Pancreas
			2.1 Embryology
			2.2 Anatomy and Histology
			2.3 Pathophysiology
		3 Congenital Lesions
		4 Degenerative Lesions
		5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions
		6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions
			6.1 Islet Cell Hyperplasia
			6.2 Islet Cell Regeneration
			6.3 Islet Cell Adenoma
			6.4 Islet Cell Carcinoma
			6.5 Mixed Acinar-Islet Cell Adenoma
		7 Hepatocyte Metaplasia
		8 Toxicologic Lesions
		Bibliography
36
	Index