Body Size: The Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
References......Page 12
Introduction......Page 15
Background......Page 17
Individual level: metabolic rate, production and life-history traits......Page 18
Population and community levels: growth, mortality and abundance......Page 21
Ecosystem level: flux and storage of energy and materials......Page 23
Concluding remarks......Page 26
References......Page 27
Introduction......Page 30
The hydrodynamic implications of body size......Page 31
Limits to maximum body size......Page 33
Particle capture as a predator-prey relationship......Page 38
Body size and food availability (body size and solid-fluid interfaces)......Page 40
Conclusions......Page 42
References......Page 43
Introduction......Page 47
Optimality models......Page 48
Adaptive dynamics......Page 49
Frequency and density dependence......Page 50
Predicting life-history plasticity......Page 51
Interpreting phenotypic variation......Page 53
Fishing-induced evolution......Page 54
Understanding relationships with temperature, and improving biomass estimates......Page 56
Key elements......Page 57
Identifying invariant quantities in life histories......Page 58
Relationship between intraspecific and interspecific allometries......Page 59
Estimating global patterns of mortality......Page 60
Improving predictions of global patterns of life history......Page 61
Conclusion......Page 63
References......Page 64
Introduction......Page 69
Prediction 1......Page 70
Study streams......Page 71
Upper Ball Creek......Page 72
Tests of predictions......Page 73
Results......Page 74
Discussion......Page 76
Appendix I A primer on secondary production and the P/B......Page 82
References......Page 86
Introduction......Page 91
Different approaches for matching body size with environmental gradients......Page 92
Descriptive studies of abiotic gradients......Page 93
Descriptive studies of biotic gradients......Page 95
Descriptive studies of complex gradients......Page 96
Experimental studies......Page 97
Macroinvertebrates......Page 99
Statistical analyses......Page 100
Results......Page 102
Body-size patterns along environmental gradients and their utility for biomonitoring......Page 104
References......Page 108
Introduction......Page 112
Feeding and size: processes at the individual level......Page 114
Scaling to species......Page 119
The other side of the equation: community-size distributions......Page 124
Macroecological patterns: consequences of body-size shifts in response to environmental gradients......Page 126
Conclusions......Page 127
References......Page 128
Introduction......Page 132
Body size......Page 133
Productivity......Page 136
Turnover rate......Page 142
Complexity......Page 145
Alternative equilibria......Page 146
Conclusions......Page 147
References......Page 148
Introduction......Page 154
Data collection......Page 157
Power-law and scaling relationships......Page 158
Density – body-mass scaling with sample area......Page 159
Density and biomass scaling......Page 160
Linking scaling relationships to niche and dispersal-mediated species-abundance patterns......Page 162
Fractal properties of size-structured communities......Page 166
Multifractal species-area relationships......Page 173
Conclusions......Page 177
References......Page 178
Introduction......Page 181
The absolute abundance of microbial species-populations......Page 183
The cosmopolitan-biogeography transition......Page 185
Cryptic protist diversity exceeds the diversity of 'active’ species, and the habitat selects......Page 186
Cosmopolitan distribution implies the existence of similar species inventories in similar habitats irrespective of geographical distance......Page 188
Endemic species......Page 189
Undersampling......Page 190
Cosmopolitan genotypes......Page 192
General validity......Page 194
Neutral theory – local: global species ratios......Page 195
Acknowledgements......Page 196
References......Page 197
Introduction......Page 200
Active dispersers in freshwaters......Page 202
Passive dispersers in freshwaters......Page 204
Dispersal in marine systems......Page 205
Active dispersers in freshwaters......Page 207
Passive dispersers in freshwaters......Page 210
Dispersal in marine systems......Page 213
Conclusions......Page 217
References......Page 218
Introduction......Page 224
Species guilds......Page 225
Adult-body size distributions in integral benthic assemblages......Page 226
All-animal body-size distributions in integral benthic assemblages......Page 230
Effects of pollution and disturbance......Page 232
Discussion and conclusion......Page 234
Acknowledgements......Page 235
References......Page 236
Body size in contemporary ecology......Page 239
Development and growth – a retrospective overview......Page 240
Scaling constraints and growth patterns......Page 241
Developments of an explicit link from individual body size to population dynamics......Page 243
Modelling framework......Page 244
Ontogenetic development – dynamical aspects......Page 245
Ontogenetic development and community structure......Page 249
Extensions to more complex configurations......Page 253
Conclusions......Page 254
Acknowledgements......Page 255
References......Page 256
Introduction......Page 259
Choice of species......Page 261
Experiment 3......Page 262
Community consequences of body size......Page 263
Ecosystem consequences of body size......Page 264
Population consequences of body size – results......Page 265
Community consequences of body size – results......Page 266
Ecosystem consequences of body size – results......Page 270
Population consequences of body size – discussion......Page 273
Community consequences of body size – discussion......Page 275
Ecosystem consequences of body size – discussion......Page 276
References......Page 277
Introduction......Page 280
Setting: the magnitude of fishing effects......Page 281
Size-related responses to exploitation......Page 282
Linking body size, life histories and population dynamics......Page 283
Density dependence......Page 285
Size-based structuring of marine communities......Page 287
Describing and predicting responses to mortality......Page 288
Conclusions......Page 294
References......Page 295
Introduction......Page 300
Rates......Page 301
Ratios of N and P......Page 305
Body size and nutrient translocation......Page 306
Variation in body-size distributions......Page 307
Estimating nutrient flux from biomass size distributions......Page 308
Predator control of prey body size and nutrient cycling......Page 310
The effect of harvesting-induced changes in animal size structure on nutrient cycling......Page 312
The next steps?......Page 314
References......Page 315
Introduction......Page 320
Maximal and minimal body masses......Page 322
Predicted value of the exponent......Page 325
Ratios and differences of consumer mass and resource mass......Page 326
Studies of a well-defined community......Page 327
Studies that pool multiple communities......Page 331
Discussion......Page 333
References......Page 337
Introduction......Page 340
Body size and metabolic theory......Page 341
Other empirical, theoretical and conceptual backgrounds......Page 343
Concluding remarks......Page 347
References......Page 348
Index......Page 349