Blue/Green Glass Bottles from Roman Britain: Square and Other Prismatic Forms

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Information
Contents
List of Figures
	Figure 1.1: The main forms of blue/green glass prismatic bottles. (Scale 1:4).
	Figure 1.2: Square bottle mould types and their relationships.
	Figure 1.3: Bill Gudenrath demonstrating how to blow a square bottle in a five-piece mould at the Glass Techniques through 5000 Years conference held at the Edinburgh College of Art, 24-27 September 1992. On the left the bottle being inflated in the mould
	Figure 1.4: Rubbings showing guidelines marked on the moulds.
	Figure 1.5. The stages in reconstructing a base fragment.
	Figure 1.6. The effect of steam in the mould as seen on bottle 276 from Ware. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 1.7: Examples of mould parallels (rubbings at 1:1, drawings at 1:2). Mould shown in no. 2 after Follman-Schulz 2011.
	Figure 1.8: Collared square jar from Handford House, Colchester. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 2:1: Map showing the locations of the sites represented in the corpus. A – all sites. B – places producing more than ten examples.
	Figure 2.2: Sizes of the square, hexagonal and prismatic bottles in the corpus. A – scatterplot of height by base width of the complete bottles. B – KDEs of the base widths of all the bottles.
	Figure 2.3: Examples of the naming conventions used.
	Figure 3.1: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-Group 1-1a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.2: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-Groups 1-1a and 1-1b. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.3: Base patterns of Family 1: Group 1-1. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.4: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-2a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.5: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-2a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.6: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-groups 1-2a and 1-2b. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.7: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-groups 1-2b, 1-2c and Group 1-2. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.8: Base patterns of Family 1: Group 1-2. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.9: Base patterns of Family 1: Group 1-2. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.10: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-3a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.11: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-3a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.12: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-3a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.13: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-3a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.14: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-groups 1-3a and 1-3b. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.15: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-3b. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.16: Base patterns of Family 1: Group 1-3. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.17: Base patterns of Family 1: Group 1-3. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.18: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-4a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.19: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-groups 1-4b and Group 1-4. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.20: Base patterns of Family 1: Group 1-4. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.21: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-group 1-5a and Group 1-5. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.22: Base patterns of Family 1: Sub-groups 1-7a and 1-10a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 3.23: Base patterns of Family 1: Group 1-Lettered. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.1: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-groups 2-Cross-1a and 1b and fragments. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.2: Base patterns of Family 2: Groups 2-Cross-1 and 2, Sub-groups 2-Cross-2a and 3a. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.3: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-groups 2-Letters-1a and 2-Letters-1. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.4: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-group 2-Letters-1 bottles and fragments. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.5: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-groups 2-Letters-2a, 2-Letters-4a and fragments. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.6: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-group 2-Letters-2c. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.7: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-groups 2-Rosette-1a and 1. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.8: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-groups 2-Rosette-1a, 2-Rosette-2a, 2-Rosette-2 and fragments. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.9: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-groups 2-ArcDiamond-1a and 1. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.10: Base patterns of Family 2: Sub-group 2-ArcDiamond-1b and fragment. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.11: Base patterns of Family 2: Group 2-Arc. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.12: Base patterns of Family 2: Group 2-Wheel.(Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.13: Base patterns of Family 2: Group 2-Hourglass. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.14: Base patterns of Family 2: Group 2-Chord. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.15: Base patterns of Family 2: Group 2-Rays. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.16: Base patterns of Family 2: Group 2-Cup. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 4.17: Base patterns of Family 2: Groups 2-Swastika, 2-Square and 2-Star. (Scale 1:2)
	Figure 5.1: Base patterns of Family 3: Group 3-Circle. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 5.2: Base patterns of Family 3: Group 3-Cross. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 5.3: Base patterns of Family 3: Group 3-Arc. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 5.4: Base patterns of Family 3: Group 3-Letters. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 5.5: Base Patterns of Family 3: Groups 3-Cross within Circle; 3-Swastika and miscellaneous forms. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 6.1: Base patterns of Family 4: Group 4-Letters. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 6.2: Base patterns of Family 4: Groups 4-Cross and 4-ArcDiamond. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 7.1: Base patterns of Family 5: Groups 5-Petal, 5-Cross and 5-Swastika. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 7.2: Base patterns of Family 5: Group 5-Arc and 5-Net. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 7.3: Base patterns of Family 5: Miscellaneous. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 7.4: Base patterns of Family 6. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 8.1: Base patterns of Family 1 hexagonal bottles: Groups 1-1 and 1-2. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 8.2: Base patterns of Family 1 hexagonal bottles: Groups 1-3 and 1-4. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 8.3: Base patterns of Family 1 hexagonal bottles: Group 1-5. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 8.4: Base Pattern of Family 1 hexagonal bottle: Group 1-9. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 8.5: Base patterns of Family 1 hexagonal bottles: Group 1-Lettered. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 8.6: Base patterns of Families 2 to 4 hexagonal bottles. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 9.1: Base patterns of Families 1 and 3 rectangular bottles. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 9.2: Base patterns of Families 3 and 4 rectangular bottles. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 9.3: Base patterns of Families 5 and 6 rectangular bottles. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 9.4: Base patterns of the octagonal bottles. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 9.5: Selected unassigned base fragments. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure 10.1: Comparison of the notional dates of deposition for the square bottles of Family 1 with those of Families 2-5 (KDEs).
	Figure 10.2: Distribution of the different Families. A – through time according to base width. B – on all square bottles retaining their complete profile.
	Figure 10.3: Bottles made in very bubbly glass. (Scale. Photographs 2:1. Drawings 1:2).
	Figure 10.4: Notional dates of deposition for the hexagonal bottles.
	Figure 11.1: Possible origins of exotic base patterns found in Roman Britain.
	Figure 11.2: The distribution of bottles made in Moulds 3, 4 and 13.
	Figure 11.3: The distribution of bottles made in Moulds 5, 9, 10, 18 and 20.
	Figure 11.4: The distribution of likely and possible mould parallels.
	Figure 12.1: Internal view of 276 (Not to scale).
	Figure 12.2: Estimated capacities of square bottles. (see text for discussion).
	Figure 12.3: Kernal density estimates for the deposition dates of square bottles according to base quartile.
	Figure 12.4: Bottle rim diameters from Catterick, Colchester and Silchester. (Total numbers 60, 55 and 21 respectively).
	Figure 12.5: Bath flasks – their shape, associations and capacities.
	Figure A2.1: Mould 1. (Scale 1:1).
	Figure A2.2: Mould 2. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure A2.3: Mould 3. (Scale 1:1).
	Figure A2.4: Mould 4. (Scale 1:1).
	Figure A2.5: Mould 5. (Scale 1:1).
	Figure A2.6: Mould 6 with overlay of 709 and S221 for comparison. (Scale 1:1 unless otherwise stated).
	Figure A2.7: Mould 7. (Scale 1:2 unless otherwise stated).
	Figure A2.8: Mould 8. (Scale 1:2). (DM-5 after Follman-Schulz 2011).
	Figure A2.9: Mould 9. (Scale 1:1).
	Figure A2.10: Mould 10. (Scale 1:1).
	Figure A2.11: Mould 11. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure A2.12: Mould 12. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure A2.13: Mould 13. (Scale 1:2). (DM-4 after Follman-Schulz 2011).
	Figure A2.14: Mould 14. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure A2.15: Mould 15. (Scale 1:1).
	Figure A2.16: Mould 16. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure A2.18: Mould 18. (Scale 1:1).
	Figure A2.17: Mould 17. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure A2.19: Mould 19. (Scale 1:2).
	Figure A2.20: Mould 20. (Scale – rubbings 1:1, drawings 1:2).
List of Tables
	Table 2.1: Weights (g) of different types of bottles in site assemblages with more than 100g of bottle glass. (Data source: author)
	Table 2.2: Incidence of commonest designs in Families 2-4.
	Table 3.1: Base widths of Family 1 Group 1-1 bottles.
	Table 3.2: Summary catalogue of Family 1 Group 1-1 bottles.
	Table 3.3: Base widths of Family 1 Group 1-2 bottles (excluding 708 whose base width is not known accurately).
	Table 3.4: Summary catalogue of Family 1 Group 1-2.
	Table 3.5: Base widths of Family 1 Group 1-3 bottles.
	Table 3.6: Summary catalogue of Family 1 Group 1-3 bottles.
	Table 3.7: Base widths of Family 1 Group 1-4 bottles.
	Table 3.8: Summary catalogue of Family 1 Group 1-4 bottles.
	Table 3.9: Base widths of Family 1 Group 1-5 bottles.
	Table 3.10: Summary catalogue of Family 1 Group 1-5 bottles
	Table 3.11: Summary catalogue of Family 1 Groups 1-7 and 1-10 bottles.
	Table 3.12: Base widths of Family 1 Group 1-Lettered bottles.
	Table 3.13: Summary catalogue of Family 1 Group 1-lettered bottles.
	Table 4.1: Base widths of Family 2 Group 2-Cross bottles
	Table 4.2: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Cross bottles.
	Table 4.3: Base widths of Family 2 Group 2-Letters bottles.
	Table 4.4: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Letters bottles.
	Table 4.5: Base width of Family 2 Group 2-Rosette bottles.
	Table 4.6: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Rosette bottles.
	Table 4.7: Base widths of Family 2 Group 2-ArcDiamond bottles.
	Table 4.8: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-ArcDiamond bottles.
	Table 4.9: Base width of Family 2 Group 2-Arc bottles.
	Table 4.10: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Arc bottles.
	Table 4.11: Base widths of Family 2 Group 2-Wheel bottles.
	Table 4.12: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Wheel bottles.
	Table 4.13: Base width of Family 2 Group 2-Hourglass bottles.
	Table 4.14: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Hourglass bottles.
	Table 4.15: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Chord bottles.
	Table 4.16: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Ray bottles.
	Table 4.17: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Group 2-Cup bottles.
	Table 4.18: Summary catalogue of Family 2 Groups 2-Swastika and 2-Square bottles.
	Table 5.1: Base widths of Family 3 Group 3-Circle bottles.
	Table 5.2: Summary catalogue of Family 3 Group 3-Circle bottles.
	Table 5.3: Base widths of Family 3 Group 3-Cross bottles.
	Table 5.4: Summary catalogue of Family 3 Group 3-Cross bottles.
	Table 5.5: Base widths of Family 3 Group 3-Arc bottles.
	Table 5.6: Summary catalogue of Family 3 Group 3-Arc bottles.
	Table 5.7: Summary catalogue of Family 3 Group 3-Letters.
	Table 5.8: Summary catalogue of Family 3 Groups 3-Cross within Circle; 3-Swastika and miscellaneous forms.
	Table 6.1: Base widths of all Family 4 bottles.
	Table 6.2: Summary catalogue of Family 4 Group 4-Letter bottles.
	Table 6.3: Summary catalogue of Family 4 Groups 4-Cross and 4-ArcDiamonds.
	Table 7.1: Base widths of all square bottles with Family 5 and 6 base patterns
	Table 7.2: Summary catalogue of Family 5 Groups 5-Petal, 5-Cross and 5-Swastika bottles.
	Table 7.3: Summary catalogue of Family 5 Groups 5-Arc and 5-Net bottles.
	Table 7.4 Summary catalogue of Family 5: miscellaneous bottles.
	Table 7.5: Summary catalogue of all Family 6 bottles.
	Table 8.1: Base widths of all Family 1 hexagonal bottles.
	Table 8.2: Summary catalogue of Family 1 hexagonal bottles Groups 1-1 and 1-2.
	Table 8.3: Summary catalogue of Family 1 hexagonal bottles Groups 1-3 and 1-4.
	Table 8.4: Summary catalogue of Family 1 hexagonal bottles Groups 1-5, 1-9 and 1-Lettered.
	Table 8.5: Base widths of hexagonal bottles of Families 2 to 4 and 7.
	Table 8.6: Summary catalogue of hexagonal bottles of Families 2 to 4 and 7.
	Table 9.1: Summary catalogue of all rectangular bottles.
	Table 9.2: Summary catalogue of all octagonal bottles,
	Table 10.1: Square bottle base patterns from sites destroyed by Vesuvius in AD 79.
	Table 10.2: Summary of the notional dates of deposition for the square bottles of Families 1-5 from dated contexts. (see text for discussion).
	Table 10.3: Summary of the notional dates of deposition for the square bottles of Family 2.
	Table 10.4: Angle mouldings. Summary of the notional dates of deposition for those on square bottles.
	Table 10.5: Summary of the notional dates of deposition for square bottles with letters (Name = Group 1-Lettered; Three letters = Sub-group 1-2b, Group 2-Letters, 3-Letters, 4-Letters ; Corner = Sub-group 1-2b; Group 2-Rays).
	Table 11.1: Comparison of the base patterns found in western Roman provinces.
	Table 11.2: Romano-British bottles with close parallels in other provinces according to British site type.
	Table 11.3: The distribution of the square bottles according to site type.
	Table 11.4: The distribution of substantially complete bottles by context type.
	Table 11.5: The distribution of lettered bases according to site type.
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
	Blue/green bottles: a brief introduction
		How the bottles were made
		The study of base patterns
		Other prismatic blue/green vessels
Chapter 2. The Data
	How the data were collected
		Square, hexagonal or prismatic?
		Organising the data
Chapter 3. Family 1: Square bottle bases with concentric circles
	Group 1-1
		Group 1-2
		Group 1-3
		Group 1-4
		Group 1-5
		Group 1-6
		Group 1-7
		Group 1-10
		Group 1-Lettered
Chapter 4. Family 2: Square bottle bases framed by circular mouldings
	Group 2-Cross
		Group 2-Letters
		Group 2-Rosette
		Group 2-ArcDiamond
		Group 2-Arcs
		Group 2-Wheel
		Group 2-Hourglass
		Group 2-Chord
		Group 2-Rays
		Group 2-Cups
		Group 2-Swastika
		Group 2-Square
		Group 2-Star
Chapter 5. Family 3: Square bottle bases framed by square mouldings
	Group 3-Circle
		Group 3-Cross
		Group 3-Arcs
		Group 3-Letters
		Group 3-Circle with cross
		Group 3-Swastika
		Group 3-Miscellaneous
Chapter 6. Family 4: Square bottle bases framed by angle mouldings
	Group 4-Letters
		Group 4-Cross
		Group 4-ArcDiamond
		Group 4-Miscellaneous
Chapter 7. Families 5-7: square bottle bases without frames
	Group 5-Petals
		Group 5-Cross
		Group 5-Swastika
		Group 5-Arcs
		Group 5-Net
		Group 5-Miscellaneous
		Group 6-Tree
		Group 6-Wreaths and palm branches
		Group 6-Figures
		Family 7 – square bottles with plain bases
Chapter 8. Hexagonal bottles
	Family 1 Group 1-1
		Family 1 Group 1-2
		Family 1 Group 1-3
		Family 1 Group 1-4
		Family 1 Group 1-5
		Family 1 Group 1-9 – concentric circular mouldings
		Family 1 Group 1-Lettered-1
		Family 2: Patterns framed by circular mouldings
		Family 3: Patterns framed by a hexagonal moulding
		Family 4: Patterns framed by angle mouldings
		Family 7: Hexagonal bottles without base mouldings
Chapter 9. Rectangular and octagonal bottles
	Rectangular bottles of Family 1
		Rectangular bottles of Family 3
		Rectangular bottles of Family 4
		Rectangular bottles of Family 5
		Rectangular bottle of Family 6
		Rectangular bottle of Family 7
		Octagonal bottles
		Unclassified base fragments
Chapter 10. Chronological patterns
	The bottles of Pompeii and Ercolano
		Military sites in Britain
		Square bottles: dates of the different patterns
		Hexagonal, rectangular and octagonal bottles
		Angle mouldings and letters
		Overview
Chapter 11. Distributions: Geographical and social
	Evidence for transportation
		Regional fashions in base patterns
		The military connection
		Second and third century mould parallels
		The consumers
		Overview
Chapter 12. The uses they served
	Bottle capacity
		Bottle contents
		Bottles and other glass containers
		The supply of olive oil
		Second century developments
		Overview
Chapter 13. Summing up
Appendix 1. Base moulds
	Germany
		France
		Romania
		Switzerland
		Turkey
		Spain
		Croatia
Appendix 2. Mould parallels
	Dies for square bottles
		Die for hexagonal bottle
		Dies for rectangular bottles
Appendix 3. Bath flask capacity data
Appendix 4. Guide to the Digital files
	Bottles
		Supplementary
		Site information
Bibliography
	Abbreviations
		Ancient sources
		References
Index