Blockchain Technology in Healthcare Applications: Social, Economic, and Technological Implications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Blockchain for Securing Internet of Things – A Layered Approach
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Blockchain Principles
		1.2.1 Overview
		1.2.2 Characteristics
		1.2.3 Transaction Process
	1.3 IoT Fundamentals
		1.3.1 Objects Layer
		1.3.2 Network Layer
		1.3.3 Service Management Layer
		1.3.4 Application Layer
		1.3.5 Business Layer
		1.3.6 IoT Components
	1.4 Security Issues of IoT
		1.4.1 Security Issues of Objects Layer
		1.4.2 Security Issues of Network Layer
		1.4.3 Security Issues of Middleware Layer
		1.4.4 Security Issues of Application Layer
		1.4.5 Security Issues of Business Layer
	1.5 Blockchain-Based Solution
	1.6 Challenges and Future Work
		1.6.1 Heterogeneity of Devices
		1.6.2 Hardware and Firmware Vulnerabilities
		1.6.3 Scalability
		1.6.4 Limitations in IoT-Friendly Consensus Mechanism
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 A Novel Framework for Robust Data Collection in Industrial IoT Based on Proof-of-Stake Algorithm
	2.1 Introduction: Industrial Internet of Things
	2.2 IIoT – Use Cases
	2.3 Blockchain and Proof-of-Stake Algorithm
	2.4 Integrating Proof-of-Stake Model into IIoT
	2.5 Proposed Algorithm
	2.6 Simulation and Results
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Blockchain Technology for IoT Security of Smart City Applications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Blockchain Overview
		3.2.1 Introducing Blockchain
		3.2.2 Block Structure
		3.2.3 Consensus Protocols
		3.2.4 Smart Contracts
	3.3 Smart City and IoT Applications
		3.3.1 General Overview
		3.3.2 Complex Events
	3.4 IoT and Blockchain Integration
		3.4.1 IoT Security Deflation
		3.4.2 IoT Applications Architecture
		3.4.3 Blockchain as a Component in the IoT Architecture
			3.4.3.1 Blockchain as a Secure Data Store
			3.4.3.2 Blockchain as an Authentication Manager
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Cryptocurrency Revolution: Bitcoin Time Forecasting & Blockchain Anomaly Detection
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Background
		4.2.1 ARIMA
		4.2.2 RNN
		4.2.3 Prophet
		4.2.4 Clustering
		4.2.5 XGBoost
	4.3 Literature Review
	4.4 Design and Implementation
		4.4.1 ARIMA Model
		4.4.2 XGBoost Model
		4.4.3 Anomaly Detection
	4.5 Performance Evaluation
	4.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Chapter 5 Applications of AI, IoT, and Robotics in Healthcare Service Based on Several Aspects
	5.1 Introduction: Background
		5.1.1 Outline
	5.2 Literature Survey
	5.3 Robotics in Healthcare
	5.4 AI in Healthcare
	5.5 Healthcare with IOT based on Fusion of AI and ML
		5.5.1 Clinic Robots
		5.5.2 Careful Robot
		5.5.3 Care Robot
		5.5.4 Exoskeletons
	5.6 Internet of Healthcare
		5.6.1 Security
		5.6.2 Application of IoT in Healthcare
		5.6.3 The Advantages of IoT in Healthcare
	5.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Chapter 6 A Machine Learning Approach to Improve the Pharmaceutical Industry Machinery: Case of Zimbabwe
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Background and Status Quo of the Zimbabwean Pharmaceutical Industry
		6.2.1 The Manufacturing Process of Pharmaceuticals in Zimbabwe
	6.3 Pharmaceutical Industry Equipment, Processes, and Standards
		6.3.1 Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals
		6.3.2 Machine Learning
		6.3.3 Role of AI in Pharmaceuticals Industry
			6.3.3.1 AI in Drug Discovery
			6.3.3.2 AI in Process Control and Quality Assurance
		6.3.4 The Adoption of AI, with Emphasis on ML in the First World to Improve Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
			6.3.4.1 Drug Development
			6.3.4.2 Manufacturing Control and QA
			6.3.4.3 GEA (Belgium), a Pharmaceutical Equipment Manufacturer Who has Applied AI and ML to Enable CPM
	6.4 Methods and Materials
		6.4.1 Data Collection
		6.4.2 Programming
		6.4.3 Observations and Interviews
		6.4.4 Statistical Tools
		6.4.5 Data Availability Statement
	6.5 Results and Discussion
		6.5.1 Interview with the Managing Director
		6.5.2 Questionnaire to the Production Manager
		6.5.3 Interviews with Operators
		6.5.4 Manufacturing Process Overview of Ibuprofen 400 mg Tablets and Review of the Batch Manufacturing Record
			6.5.4.1 Product Costing Review
			6.5.4.2 A Machine Learning Algorithm for Tablet Weight Control on a Tablet Compression Machine
		6.5.5 Impact of Machine Learning Algorithm Application on a Tabletting Machine
	6.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		6.6.1 Conclusions
		6.6.2 Recommendations
	References
Chapter 7 Regression Analysis for Prediction of Blood Pressure from Health Parameter
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Literature Review
	7.3 Proposed Method
		7.3.1 Data Collection
		7.3.2 Model
		7.3.3 Android Application
	7.4 Result and Discussions
		7.4.1 Limitations and Future Scope
	7.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 8 Revolutionizing Healthcare: Decentralized Data Management of IoT Devices Using Blockchain Technology
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Healthcare
		8.1.2 Advancements in Healthcare
		8.1.3 Internet of Things
		8.1.4 Big Data
	8.2 Internet of Medical Things
		8.2.1 Internet of Informative Medical Things
		8.2.2 Internet of Intelligent Medical Things
	8.3 Architecture of Decentralized IoMT Using BCT
	8.4 Healthcare Data Management
		8.4.1 Patient
		8.4.2 Medical Professionals
		8.4.3 Medical Insurance
		8.4.4 Ambulance Services
		8.4.5 Tracking of Medicines
		8.4.6 Clinical Laboratory
	8.5 Decentralized Management of IoT Devices
		8.5.1 Preventive Healthcare
		8.5.2 Care from Home
		8.5.3 Intensive Care
		8.5.4 Diagnostic Healthcare
		8.5.5 Rehabilitation Healthcare
		8.5.6 Chronicle Healthcare
		8.5.7 Clinical Trials
	8.6 Performance Evaluation
	8.7 Recent Blockchain Technologies in Healthcare
		8.7.1 Healthcare IoMT Devices
		8.7.2 Cloud Computing
		8.7.3 Fog Computing
		8.7.4 Edge Computing
		8.7.5 Artificial Intelligence
		8.7.6 Data Encryption
	8.8 Challenges in Decentralized Management of IoMT Devices in Healthcare
		8.8.1 Challenges in IoMT
			8.8.1.1 Device Vulnerability
			8.8.1.2 Energy Challenges
			8.8.1.3 Security Update Challenge
			8.8.1.4 Heterogeneity of Devices
			8.8.1.5 Challenge of Scalability
			8.8.1.6 Limited In-built Memory
			8.8.1.7 Challenges of Accuracy
			8.8.1.8 Challenge of Standardization
		8.8.2 Challenges in Decentralized Management of IoMT
			8.8.2.1 Challenges in Cyber Security
			8.8.2.2 Challenge of Scalability
			8.8.2.3 Challenge of Investment
			8.8.2.4 Regulatory Challenges
			8.8.2.5 Challenge of Infrastructure
			8.8.2.6 User Challenges
			8.8.2.7 Challenge of Immutability
	8.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Introduction to Blockchain and Smart Contract – Principles, Applications, and Security
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Blockchain
		9.2.1 Block Structure
			9.2.1.1 Block Header
			9.2.1.2 Block Body
		9.2.2 Process Flow in Block Mining
		9.2.3 Features of Blockchain
			9.2.3.1 Immutability
			9.2.3.2 Decentralization
			9.2.3.3 Transparency
			9.2.3.4 Pseudonymity
			9.2.3.5 Non-repudiation
			9.2.3.6 Fast Processing
			9.2.3.7 Low Cost
			9.2.3.8 Provenance
			9.2.3.9 Auditability
			9.2.3.10 Availability
			9.2.3.11 Automation
		9.2.4 Types of Blockchain
			9.2.4.1 Public Blockchain
			9.2.4.2 Private Blockchain
			9.2.4.3 Consortium Blockchain
	9.3 Smart Contracts
		9.3.1 Introduction
		9.3.2 Features of Smart Contracts
			9.3.2.1 Decentralized Operation
			9.3.2.2 Immutability
			9.3.2.3 Elimination of a Third Party
			9.3.2.4 Autonomous Execution
			9.3.2.5 Transparency
			9.3.2.6 Accuracy
			9.3.2.7 Speed
		9.3.3 Different Blockchain Platforms Supporting Smart Contracts
			9.3.3.1 Ethereum
			9.3.3.2 Hyperledger Fabric
			9.3.3.3 Corda
			9.3.3.4 Stellar
			9.3.3.5 EOS
	9.4 Applications of Blockchain and Smart Contracts
	9.5 Security Aspects of Blockchain and Smart Contracts
	9.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Systematic Review
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Blockchain Technology Basic Concepts
		10.2.1 Blockchain Process and Categories
		10.2.2 Smart Contracts and Ethereum Platform
	10.3 The Blockchain for Healthcare
		10.3.1 Patient Data Management
		10.3.2 Security and Privacy in Blockchain-Healthcare
		10.3.3 Drug/Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management
		10.3.4 Clinical Trial Certification
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Blockchain for IoT-Based Healthcare: Overview of Security and Privacy Issues
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 The Security Attacks in IoT-Based Healthcare Applications
	11.3 Security Requirements in IoT-Based Healthcare Applications
	11.4 Security Solutions in IoT-Based Healthcare Applications
		11.4.1 Fog Computing-Based Solutions
		11.4.2 Software Defined Networking-Based Solutions
		11.4.3 Blockchain-Based Solutions
		11.4.4 Lightweight Cryptography-Based Solutions
		11.4.5 Artificial Intelligence-Based Solutions
		11.4.6 Homomorphic and Searchable Encryption-Based Solutions .
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Effective Management of Personal Health Records using Blockchain Technology
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Motivation
		12.1.2 Major Contribution
		12.1.3 Chapter Organization
	12.2 Review of the Literature
		12.2.1 Method
		12.2.2 Results
			12.2.2.1 General Observations
			12.2.2.2 Specific Observations
	12.3 Anticipated Trends in the Future of Blockchain Technology in PHRs
	12.4 Key Success Factors for Effective Implementation of BT in PHR
	12.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13 Interoperability, Anonymity and Privacy Issues in Blockchain for Healthcare Systems
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Healthcare and Its Evolution
	13.3 Role of Blockchain Technology
		13.3.1 Types of Blockchain Network
		13.3.2 Validity Process in Blockchain
		13.3.3 Blockchain for Healthcare Ecosystem
		13.3.4 Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals: Challenges and Opportunities
			13.3.4.1 Throughput
			13.3.4.2 Latency
			13.3.4.3 Security
			13.3.4.4 Resource Consumption
			13.3.4.5 Centralization
	13.4 Critical Challenges and Blockchain-Based Solutions
		13.4.1 Data Collection and Storage
		13.4.2 Data Sharing and Interoperability
		13.4.3 Securing Data and Managing
	13.5 Healthcare Supply Chain
		13.5.1 Blockchain for Supply Chain
		13.5.2 Pharmaceutical Traceability using Blockchain
		13.5.3 Pharma Supply Chain Tracker using Blockchain
	13.6 Conclusion and Future Research Directions
	References
Chapter 14 Blockchain in the Pharmaceutical Industry for Better Tracking of Drugs with Architectures and Open Challenges
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Overview of Blockchain
	14.3 Overview of Drug Tracking in the Healthcare Domain
	14.4 Architectures for Drug Tracking Based on Blockchain
		14.4.1 Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain-Based Architecture
			14.4.1.1 Drug Tracking Flow with Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Architecture
		14.4.2 Hyperledger Besu Blockchain-Based Architecture
			14.4.2.1 Drug Tracking Flow with Hyperledger Besu Blockchain-Based Architecture
		14.4.3 Ethereum-Based Architecture
			14.4.3.1 Flow of Drug Tracking with Ethereum Based Architecture
		14.4.4 Comparison of Hyperledger Fabric, Hyperledger Besu, and Ethereum Architectures
	14.5 Discussion and Open Challenges
		14.5.1 Stakeholder Agreement
		14.5.2 Interoperability
		14.5.3 Implementation Cost
		14.5.4 Attack and Vulnerabilities
		14.5.5 Lack of Standardized
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 Securing Privacy and Integrity of Patient’s Data in Healthcare 4.0 by Countering Attack using Blockchain
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Healthcare 4.0
		15.2.1 Evolution of Healthcare
		15.2.2 Drivers for Healthcare 4.0
		15.2.3 Healthcare 4.0 and Its Main Technology
		15.2.4 Healthcare 4.0 Applications
	15.3 Blockchain
		15.3.1 Types of Blockchain
			15.3.1.1 Private Blockchain
			15.3.1.2 Public Blockchain
			15.3.1.3 Consortium Blockchain
		15.3.2 Architecture of Blockchain
			15.3.2.1 Data Layer
			15.3.2.2 Network Layer
			15.3.2.3 Consensus Layer
			15.3.2.4 Incentive Layer
			15.3.2.5 Contract Layer
			15.3.2.6 Application Layer
		15.3.3 Consensus Protocols
			15.3.3.1 Proof of Work
			15.3.3.2 Proof of Stake
			15.3.3.3 Delegated PoS
			15.3.3.4 Proof of Burn
			15.3.3.5 Proof of Elapsed Time
			15.3.3.6 Proof of Capacity
			15.3.3.7 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance
			15.3.3.8 Proof of Authority
	15.4 Cyber Security in Healthcare 4.0
		15.4.1 Network Vulnerability and Attacks
		15.4.2 Policy Check Based Vulnerability and Attack
		15.4.3 Sensor, Physical Vulnerability and Attacks
	15.5 Achieving Privacy and Security using Blockchain for Healthcare 4.0
	15.6 Conclusion and Future Research Direction
	References
Index