Blockchain and Supply Chain Management

Front-Matter_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Chain-Management
	Blockchain and Supply Chain Management
Copyright_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Chain-Management
	Copyright
Chapter-1---Blockchain-in-supply-chain-management_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply
	1 . Blockchain in supply chain management: recent developments and key issues
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Blockchain as a promising tool for SCM
			1.2.1 Blockchain’s growth
			1.2.2 Blockchain in supply chains
			1.2.3 Current status of blockchain deployment in SC
			1.2.4 Diverse value proposition across industries
		1.3 Definitions and explanations of the key terms
			1.3.1 Blockchain and distributed ledger technology
			1.3.2 Consensus mechanism
				1.3.2.1 Proof of work
				1.3.2.2 Proof of stake
				1.3.2.3 Proof of Authority
			1.3.3 Characteristics of blockchain
				1.3.3.1 Decentralization
				1.3.3.2 Immutability and append-only database
				1.3.3.3 Cryptography-based authentication
			1.3.4 Types of blockchain
				1.3.4.1 Public blockchain
				1.3.4.2 Private blockchains
					1.3.4.2.1 Hyperledger
				1.3.4.3 Hybrid blockchains
			1.3.5 Smart contract
				1.3.5.1 Advantages of blockchain-based smart contracts
				1.3.5.2 The roles of oracles in smart contracts
			1.3.6 Token and tokenization
				1.3.6.1 Fungible token
				1.3.6.2 Nonfungible token
				1.3.6.3 Security tokens
				1.3.6.4 Tokenization and tradeability
			1.3.7 Traceability
			1.3.8 Mainnet and testnet
			1.3.9 Interoperability in blockchain networks
		1.4 Concluding comments
		1.5 The roadmap of this book
		References
Chapter-2---Blockchain-s-roles-in-meeting-key-_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Ch
	2 . Blockchain's roles in meeting key supply chain objectives
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Supply chain objectives
		2.3 The roles of blockchain in achieving various strategic supply chain objectives
			2.3.1 Reducing costs
			2.3.2 Assuring quality of products
			2.3.3 Increasing speed
			2.3.4 Increasing dependability
			2.3.5 Reducing risks
			2.3.6 Facilitating sustainable practices
			2.3.7 Enhancing flexibility
		2.4 Discussion and implications
		2.5 Concluding remarks
		References
Chapter-3---Amplifying-the-value-of-blockchain-in-s_2021_Blockchain-and-Supp
	3 . Amplifying the value of blockchain in supply chains: combining with other technologies
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Artificial intelligence and machine learning
		3.3 Remote sensing and satellite imagery
			3.3.1 Global positioning system
			3.3.2 Combining satellite images, blockchain, and AI
				3.3.2.1 Oracle’s partnership with the World Bee Project
				3.3.2.2 Bext360
		3.4 Internet of things
		3.5 Analytical fingerprinting
			3.5.1 Current challenges
		3.6 Digital twin
		3.7 Computer vision and machine vision
		3.8 Optical scanning technologies such as quick response codes
		3.9 Discussion and implications
		3.10 Chapter summary and conclusion
		References
Chapter-4---Food-and-beverage-industry-su_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Chain-M
	4 . Food and beverage industry supply chains
		4.1 The current challenges in food and beverage supply chains
		4.2 Blockchain’s potential to address various challenges in the food and beverage industry
			4.2.1 Tracking and tracing FBSC
		4.3 IBM’s blockchain-based Food Trust: the widely used platform for food SCs
		4.4 Cases of blockchain deployment in domestic FBSCs
			4.4.1 JD.com tracking products from Kerchin in China
			4.4.2 Alibaba tracking rice supply chain to stop counterfeit versions of the Wuchang rice
			4.4.3 Walmart tracking food products in its Chinese stores
			4.4.4 BanQu systems in India, Uganda, and Zambia to track cassava and barley
		4.5 Cases of blockchain deployment in cross-border FBSCs
			4.5.1 Walmart monitoring produce imported to the United States from Latin America
			4.5.2 Bext360 tracking coffee exported from Uganda and Ethiopia to the United States and the Netherlands
			4.5.3 Alibaba tracking food products imported to China from New Zealand and Australia
			4.5.4 Nestle’s pilot project to track milk from New Zealand to the Middle East
		4.6 Key insights drawn from the cases
			4.6.1 Strengthening food safety programs
			4.6.2 Enhancing corporate reputation
			4.6.3 Distributive fairness and transparency
			4.6.4 Enhancing efficiency
			4.6.5 Supply chain transparency
			4.6.6 Lack of skill and absorptive capacity in developing countries
			4.6.7 Infrastructure, market, and technical challenges
			4.6.8 Small businesses in food SCs often lack capabilities and resources to implement blockchain
			4.6.9 Not practical to use the solution for low-value food products
		4.7 Chapter summary and conclusion
		References
Chapter-5---Healthcare-and-pharmaceutical-in_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Chai
	5 . Healthcare and pharmaceutical industry supply chains
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Fighting counterfeit and substandard products in a drug supply chain
		5.3 Optimizing operational efficiency and reducing costs
		5.4 Promoting transparency
		5.5 Complying with regulatory requirements
		5.6 Some representative cases
			5.6.1 Kadena and Rymedi team up to track drug supply chains
			5.6.2 Chronicled’s MediLedger
				5.6.2.1 Contracts & Chargebacks solution
			5.6.3 Swiss Post’s blockchain-based solutions for the pharmaceutical and medical industry
		5.7 Discussion and implications
		5.8 Chapter summary and conclusion
		References
Chapter-6---Supply-chain-finance-and-tra_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Chain-Ma
	6 . Supply chain finance and trade finance
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Supply chain finance and trade finance
			6.2.1 Current challenges facing the SCF and TF markets
		6.3 Blockchain’s potential to address key challenges facing supply chain and trade finance
			6.3.1 Access to high-quality and relevant data
			6.3.2 Fighting fraudulent practices
			6.3.3 Meeting regulatory standards
		6.4 Some representative cases of blockchain solutions to address the supply chain and trade finance gaps
			6.4.1 Easy Trading Connect/komgo
			6.4.2 Chained Finance
			6.4.3 We.trade
			6.4.4 eTradeConnect
			6.4.5 Contour
			6.4.6 Bay Area Trade Finance Blockchain Platform
		6.5 Standardization initiatives in trade finance
		6.6 Discussion and implications
		6.7 Concluding comments
		References
Chapter-7---Opportunities--barriers--and-enabler_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-
	7 . Opportunities, barriers, and enablers of blockchain in supply chains
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Key enablers
			7.2.1 Availability of quick and easy options to use blockchain
			7.2.2 Affordability and ease of use of blockchain compared to alternative solutions
			7.2.3 Efforts of civil society actors, development and multilateral organizations, and other powerful actors
			7.2.4 Increasing collaboration and coordination among key supply chain participants to develop blockchain solutions
		7.3 Major opportunities
			7.3.1 Means to improve the welfare of disadvantaged groups
			7.3.2 Enhancing efficiency and responsiveness of SCs
			7.3.3 Powerful marketing, branding, and communications tool
			7.3.4 Consumer empowerment, confidence, and satisfaction with services
		7.4 Salient barriers
			7.4.1 The lack of institutional capacities
			7.4.2 Low degree of digitization
			7.4.3 Lack of technological expertise and absorptive capacity
			7.4.4 The rank effect and barriers faced by small companies
			7.4.5 Regulatory incompatibility and the lack of standardization
			7.4.6 Bringing all the relevant parties together
			7.4.7 Stockholder centric bias in the actions of blockchain start-ups
		7.5 Limitations of the technology
		7.6 Chapter summary and conclusion
		References
Chapter-8---Policy--legal--and-ethical-im_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Chain-M
	8 . Policy, legal, and ethical implications
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Regulatory and law enforcement issues
		8.3 Legislative developments increasing the attractiveness of blockchain
		8.4 International heterogeneity in regulatory regimes
		8.5 Existing laws and implementation of blockchain
			8.5.1 The EU’s general data protection regulation and blockchain
		8.6 New laws related to blockchain and cryptocurrencies
			8.6.1 China’s “Regulations on the Management of Blockchain Information Services”
		8.7 ESG issues and blockchain implementation in supply chains
			8.7.1 Blockchain to fight modern slavery
				8.7.1.1 The current situation
			8.7.2 Blockchain solutions to address the situation
		8.8 Companies’ response to ESG pressures
			8.8.1 Mineral and mining industries
				8.8.1.1 The Responsible Sourcing Blockchain Network
				8.8.1.2 Circulor’s blockchain across CATL’s supply chain
			8.8.2 Proactive steps to ensure SCs’ readiness to comply with new regulations
			8.8.3 Regulatory compliance as a selling point
		8.9 Chapter summary and conclusion
		References
Chapter-9---Discussion--conclusion--and-re_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Chain-
	9 . Discussion, conclusion, and recommendations
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Blockchain's attractiveness in big industries to solve significant problems
		9.3 The future of blockchain in supply chains
		9.4 Different levels of difficulties in ensuring tamperproof tracking
		9.5 Recommendations to policymakers
		9.6 Recommendations to companies
		9.7 Future research implications
		9.8 Final thought
		References
Index_2021_Blockchain-and-Supply-Chain-Management
	Index
		A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
		K
		L
		M
		N
		O
		P
		Q
		R
		S
		T
		U
		V
		W