Blast Waves (Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena)

Chapter 1: Introduction
	Introduction
Chapter 2: Some Basic Air Blast Definitions
	Formation of a Shock Wave
	Methods for Generating a Shock Wave
Chapter 3: The Rankine-Hugoniot Relations
	Real Air Effects on Gamma
	Variable gamma Rankine-Hugoniot Relations
		Some Useful Shock Relations
	References
Chapter 4: Formation of Blast Waves
	The Taylor Wave
	The Sedov Solution
	Rarefaction Waves
	Nuclear Detonation Blast Standard [7]
		Description of Blast Wave Formation from a Nuclear Source
		Description of Energy Deposition and Early Expansion
	The 1 KT Nuclear Blast Standard
		Construction of the Fits
			Overpressure Fit
			Overdensity Fit
			Velocity Fit
	References
Chapter 5: Ideal High Explosive Detonation Waves
	Chapman-Jouget Relations
		Equation of State
		Analytic Integration
	Solid Explosive Detonation
		TNT Detonation
	High Explosive Blast Standard
	Ideal Detonation Waves in Gasses
	Fuel-Air Explosives
		Gaseous Fuel-Air Explosives
		Liquid Fuel Air Explosives
		Solid Fuel Air Explosives (SFAE)
	References
Chapter 6: Cased Explosives
	Extremely Light Casings
	Light Casings
	Moderate to Heavily Cased Charges
		Fragmentation
		Energy Balance
		Gurney Relations
		Mott´s Distribution
		The Modified Fano Equation
	First Principles Calculation of Blast from Cased Charges
	Active Cases
	References
Chapter 7: Blast Wave Propagation
	One Dimensional Propagation
		Numerical Representations of One Dimensional Flows
	Two Dimensional Propagation
		Numerical Representations of Two Dimensional Flows
	Three Dimensional Propagation
		Numerical Representations of Three Dimensional Flows
	Low Overpressure Propagation
		Acoustic Wave Propagation
		Non-Linear Acoustic Wave Propagation
	References
Chapter 8: Boundary Layers
	General Description
	Boundary Layer Formation and Growth
	Termination of a Boundary Layer
	Calculated and Experimental Boundary Layer Comparisons
	References
Chapter 9: Particulate Entrainment and Acceleration
	Particulate Sweep-up
	Pressure and Insertion Velocity
	Drag and Multi-Phase Flow
	Particulate Effects on Dynamic Pressure
	Effects of Water
	References
Chapter 10: Instabilities
	Raleigh-Taylor Instabilities
	Kelvin-Helmholtz Instabilities
	Richtmyer-Meshkov Instabilities
	References
Chapter 11: Measurement Techniques
	Use of Smoke Rockets
	Smoke Puffs
	Painted Backdrops
	Overpressure Measurements
		Passive Techniques
		Self Recording Gauges
		Active Electronic Gauges
	Density Measurements
	Velocity Measurement
	Angle of Flow Measurement
	Temperature Measurement
	Dynamic Pressure Measurement
	Stagnation Pressure Measurement
	Total Impulse Gauge
	References
Chapter 12: Scaling Blast Parameters
	Yield Scaling
		Application to Nuclear Detonations
	Atmospheric Scaling
	Examples of Scaling
Chapter 13: Blast Wave Reflections
	Regular Reflections
		Regular Reflection at Non-perpendicular Incidence
	Mach Reflection
		Simple or Single Mach Reflection
		Complex Mach Reflection
		Double Mach Reflection
	Planar Reflections
		Single Wedge Reflections
			Pressure Above the Reflecting Surface
			Mean Free Path Effects
		Rough Wedge Reflections
	Reflections from Curved Surfaces
	References
Chapter 14: Height of Burst Effects
	Ideal Surfaces
		Nuclear Detonations
		Solid High Explosive Detonations
	Range for Mach Transition
	Height of Burst Over Real Surfaces
		Surface Response
		Surface Roughness Effects
		Dust Scouring Effects
		Terrain Effects
	Thermal Interactions (precursors)
		Free Field Propagation in One Dimension
		Shock Tube Example
		Thermal Interactions Over Real Terrain
			Generating a Heated Layer
			Organic Surface Material
		Simulation of Thermal Layers
			Decursor Simulation
	References
Chapter 15: Structure Interactions
	Pressure Loads
	Impulse Loads
	Non Ideal Blast Wave Loads
	Negative Phase Effects on Structure Loads
	Effects of Structures on Propagation
	The Influence of Rigid and Responding Structures
	References
Chapter 16: External Detonations
Chapter 17: Internal Detonations
	Blast Propagation in Tunnels
	References
Chapter 18: Simulation Techniques
	Blast Waves in Shock Tubes
	High Explosive Charges
	Charge Arrays
	Use of Exit Jets to Simulate Nuclear Thermal Precursor Blast Environments
	References
Chapter 19: Some Notes on Non-ideal Explosives
	Properties of Non-ideal Explosives
	Combustion or Afterburning Dependency of Non-ideal Explosives
		Charge Size
		Casing Effects
		Proximity of Reflecting Surfaces
		Effects of Venting From the Structure
		Oxygen Availability
		Importance of Particle Size Distribution in Thermobarics
	References
Chapter 20: Modeling Blast Waves
	Non-linear Shock Addition Rules
	Image Bursts
	Modeling the Mach Stem
	Loads from External Sources
		A Model for Propagating Blast Waves Around Corners
	Blast Propagation Through an Opening in a Wall
		Angular Dependence of Transmitted Wave
		Blast Wave Propagation Through a Second Opening
	References
Needham_Index_o.pdf
	: Index