Black Lives Matter in Latin America: Continuities in Racism, Cross-National Resistance and Mobilization in the Americas

Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Charts
List of Graphs
List of Images
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Part I: Making Black Lives Matter in the Academy, Government, and Politics
	1.2 Part II: The Impact of Black Activism on Policy and Legislation in Latin America
	1.3 Part III: Alternative Forms of Black Mobilization in the Era of the Black Lives Matter Movement
	References
Part I: Making Black Lives Matter in the Academy, Government, and Politics
	Chapter 2: The Race and Democracy Project and Black Lives Matter: Continuities in Racism, Cross-National Resistance and Mobilization in the Americas
		2.1 The Race and Democracy Project: A Preface to Black Lives Matter in the Americas
		2.2 Continuity of Racism Across the Americas
			2.2.1 The Role of NCOBPS
		2.3 From the Race and Democracy Project to Black Lives Matter
			2.3.1 Racial Suppression, Exploitation and Framing a World of Africanity in the Americas
			2.3.2 The History of the Race and Democracy Project: Its People, Work and Products
		2.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Racial Politics: Central Themes in Academic Scholarship in the Social Sciences in Brazil (2012–2019)
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Intersectional Studies of Black Women
			3.2.1 Gender and Race at the Forefront of Recent Academic Production (2012–2019)
		3.3 Black Movements, Elections, Public Policies, and Violence in Recent Studies
			3.3.1 Black Men and Women on the Move
			3.3.2 Elections and Political Attitudes
			3.3.3 Antiracist Political Policies
			3.3.4 Violence and Genocide Against the Black Population
		3.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Sophisticated Violence Against Blacks in an Era of Affirmative Action Policies: A Predictor of Violent Racial Conflict or a Case of Academic Terror?
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The Quota System for Black Students: A “Serpent’s Egg”?
		4.3 Were There Violent Racial Conflicts Between Black and White Students on Brazilian University Campuses in the 2000s and 2010s?
			4.3.1 What Types of Violent Racial Conflict Are Opponents of the Quota System for Black Students Claiming Are on the Rise in Brazil?
			4.3.2 Racial Tension and Conflict Post-Abolition and the Proposal for Affirmative Action Policies for Black Brazilians
			4.3.3 Predictions of Racial Conflict in “the Brazil of the Future” or in the Year 2000
			4.3.4 Predictions of Violent Racial Conflict Following the Implementation of the Quota System for Blacks
		4.4 Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 5: COVID-19 and Necropolitics: The Absence of Race and Gender Intersectional Analysis in Pandemic Data in Brazil
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Vulnerability and Necropolitics
		5.3 Methodology
		5.4 Intersectionality and Culture in COVID-19 Communications: The Importance of Disaggregated Health Data
		5.5 Race and Epidemiological Bulletins on COVID-19
		5.6 Communication and Culture
		5.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Diversity in Political Representation: Gender, Race and Ethnicity in the Municipal Elections of 2020
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Different Types of Representation
		6.3 Methodology
		6.4 Minority Representation in the 2020 Election
		6.5 The Change in Minority Participation In the 2016 and 2020 Elections
		6.6 The Election of Minority Groups By Region in Brazil
		6.7 Party Ideology and the Election of Minority Groups
		6.8 Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 7: The New Bahia Enigma: Why Has Black Rome Never Elected a Black Mayor? A Case Study of the 1985 Municipal Election Campaigns of Edivaldo Brito and Mário Kertész
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Literature Review
		7.3 Methodological Considerations
		7.4 A History of Politics in Salvador
		7.5 Candidates and Campaigns
		7.6 Final Considerations: What Role Does Color Play in Salvador’s Elections?
		References
	Chapter 8: Afro-Colombian, Black, Raizal and Palenquero Participation in Electoral Politics: The Construction of a Distinctive Political Culture in Colombia
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Constitutional and Legal Norms That Regulate Political Participation in Colombia
		8.3 The Dynamic of Participation in Electoral Politics by Special District for Black Communities
		8.4 Obstacles to Political Participation Based on the Cultural Identity of the Afro-Colombian, Black, Raizal and Palenquero Population
		8.5 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
Part II: The Impact of Black Activism on Policy and Legislation in Latin America
	Chapter 9: The Afro-Colombian Movement’s Institutional Activism and Political Impact (1991–2018)
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Historical Background and Context
		9.3 Afro-Colombians and the Constituent Assembly
		9.4 The Afro-Colombian Movement and Approval of Law 70 of 1993
		9.5 Pluralization and Specialization of Afro-Colombian Organizations Post-Law 70
		9.6 Afro-Colombian Movement’s Institutional Activism: From Post-1991 to the Álvaro Uribe Government
		9.7 The Afro-Colombian Movement’s Political and Institutional Impact: From the Constitutional Reform to the Government of Juan Manuel Santos (2010–2014/2014–2018)
		9.8 Affirmative Action Policies: From Black Communities to the Durban Effect
		9.9 Afro-Colombian Political Representation
		9.10 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Afro-Peruvian Citizenship: An Unfulfilled Promise After 200 Years of Republican Independence
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 The Construction of a Peruvian Nation
			10.2.1 The Exclusion of Blackness from the Idea of Nation
		10.3 Peru: A Country of Mestizos
			10.3.1 Mestizaje as a National Project
			10.3.2 A New Type of Social Hierarchy: Whiteness and Mestizaje
			10.3.3 The Space for Blackness in the White/Mestizo Equation
		10.4 Inexistent Black Political Subjectivity
			10.4.1 Color Blind Legalism in Peru
			10.4.2 Color-Coded Inequality as a Result
		10.5 The Adoption of Ethno-Racial Legislation in Peru
			10.5.1 The Criminalization of Racial Discrimination
		10.6 Structural Racism as a Continual Barrier
		10.7 Democracy at a Crossroads: A Tale of Peru’s Latest Political Crisis
		10.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Affirmative Action for Afrodescendants: A Debate in the Uruguayan Parliament
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 A Brief Summary of the Main Political Parties
			11.2.1 The Colorado Party
			11.2.2 The National Party
			11.2.3 The Broad Front
		11.3 Afro-descendants, Afro-Uruguayans
		11.4 The Emergence of Proposed Legislation
		11.5 Proposed Legislation and Parliamentary Debate
		11.6 Counter-Arguments Against the Application of Affirmative Action Policies
		11.7 Categories Under Debate: Race and Class
		11.8 International Context, Focus on Human Rights, and Emphasis on Poverty
		11.9 Arguments in Favor of Affirmative Action
		11.10 The Role of the Media in the Application of These Policies
		11.11 Representation
		11.12 Compliance with the Law
		11.13 Afro-descendants and Self-Identification
		11.14 Conclusion
	Chapter 12: Higher Education and Afrodescendants: Advances in Argentina During the Twenty-First Century
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 The Political-Institutional Field: With Little Progress in Education
			12.2.1 Recent Advances in the Political Agenda
			12.2.2 Towards a Reform of the Higher Education Law
		12.3 The Academic Field: A Territory of Disputes and Complementary Relationships
			12.3.1 The Afrodescendants in the Agenda of 2018 Regional Conference of Higher Education
			12.3.2 Academic Programmes and Experiences Focused on Higher Education and Afrodescendant Peoples
			12.3.3 The Programme and UNESCO Chair Entitled ‘Higher Education and Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendants’ at the National University of Tres de Febrero (UNTREF)
		12.4 The Field of the Practices: The Emergent Initiatives Gestated from Afro Activism at Higher Education
		12.5 Conclusion
		References
			Cited Laws and Decrees
	Chapter 13: The Construction of Municipal Level Racial Equality Policies
		1.1 Introduction
		1.1 Methodological Trajectory
		1.2 Social Movements and Public Policies: Collaborative Dynamics Between the State and Civil Society
		1.3 Agenda-Building and the Institutionalization of Racial Equality from a Comparative Perspective
		1.4 The Policy to Promote Racial Equality in Municipal Contexts
		1.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Between Business, Solidarity Mobilization, and Political Participation: Ethnic Entrepreneurship and the New Black Diaspora in São Paulo
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Context: Migration and Ethnic Entrepreneurship
		14.3 Pragmatist Philosophy, Pragmatic Sociology, and Sociology of Public Problems
		14.4 Research Strategies
		14.5 Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Between Business and Political Participation
		14.6 Final Considerations
		References
Part III: Alternative Forms of Black Mobilization in the Era of the Black Lives Matter Movement
	Chapter 15: Decolonial Antiracist Feminist Digital Activism: Naming Carolina Maria de Jesus, Lélia González, and Marielle Franco on Twitter
		15.1 Platform Studies and Critical Technocultural Discourse Analysis: An Intersectional Feminist Perspective from the South
		15.2 Methodological Approach to the Digital Space of Twitter in Brazil and Brazilians on Twitter
		15.3 Tweeting and Naming: What’s in a Name?
			15.3.1 Marielle Franco: The Politics of Naming LGBTQ+ People of Color
			15.3.2 Lélia González. Women of Color in Theory and Activism. Naming Amefricanidade Online
			15.3.3 Carolina Maria de Jesus: Naming on Twitter
		15.4 Preliminary Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 16: Brazil’s New Black Politics: Black Brazilian YouTubers Fight for Social Justice During the Far-Right Era
		16.1 Methodology
		16.2 Brazil’s Political Climate
		16.3 Media and Activism
		16.4 Description of YouTubers
			16.4.1 Para Pensar Antes Votar-Stop to Think Before You Vote
		16.5 Political Mobilization and Resistance
		16.6 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 17: Palenquera and Quilombola Women: Black Womanhood, Labor, and Conviviality in Brazil and Colombia
		17.1 Black Territories: Quilombos and Palenques
		17.2 Woman Generators of Technologies for Living: Taking a Look at Conviviality
		17.3 Intersecting Dialogues: Thinking Through Work
		17.4 Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 18: Who Are the Black Revolutionaries?: Resistance in Cuba and the State Boundaries That Endure
		18.1 Racism and the Boundaries to Challenge It
		18.2 Spaces of Black Consciousness: Highlighting the Private
		18.3 Black Activism and Black Power
		18.4 Race, Revolution, and Social Media
		18.5 Conclusion
	Chapter 19: Conclusion: Continuity and Change in Racial Exclusion and Inclusion
		References
Bibliography
Index