Bioviolence

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Prologue......Page 15
Foreword......Page 19
WHAT INTERPOL IS DOING......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 29
Introduction......Page 31
THE BIOVIOLENCE POLICY FAILURE......Page 32
Three Crossroads......Page 33
Law for Humanity......Page 34
TERMINOLOGY......Page 35
PRESENTATION OF THE ARGUMENT......Page 37
Part I The Bioviolence Condition and How It Came to Be......Page 39
WHY BIOVIOLENCE IS DIFFERENT......Page 41
Delayed Anonymity......Page 42
Concealable Devastation......Page 45
Contagious Panic!!!......Page 47
EVALUATING RISKS......Page 48
2 Methods of Bioviolence......Page 50
INTERWOVEN CHOICES......Page 51
Eradication?......Page 54
The Challenge: Getting the Virus......Page 55
Reasons for Concern......Page 58
Limits of Protection......Page 59
Acquiring the Agent: Initiating the Attack......Page 61
Disseminating the Virus......Page 62
ANTHRAX......Page 63
Getting and Cultivating Seed Stock......Page 65
Disseminating the Agent......Page 66
BOTULINUM IN FOOD......Page 68
AGROVIOLENCE......Page 70
Motivations and Feasibility......Page 71
Livestock Diseases......Page 72
Crop Diseases......Page 73
International Prevention Systems......Page 74
Plague......Page 75
Tularemia......Page 76
EMERGING MICRO-SCIENCES AND BIOVIOLENCE......Page 77
Modification of Weapons Agents......Page 79
Re-creation of Diseases......Page 81
RNA Inhibitors and Bioregulators......Page 82
Nanotechnologies......Page 83
THE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS EXPERIENCE......Page 85
Mid-20th Century Bioweapons Programs......Page 86
The U.S. Offensive Bioweapons Program......Page 87
The Soviet Biological Weapons Program......Page 89
Iraq’s Biological Weapons Program......Page 91
South Africa’s Project Coast......Page 93
Egypt......Page 94
Israel......Page 95
CURRENT (ALLEGED) STATE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS PROGRAMS......Page 96
Questions about Military Efficacy......Page 97
Suspected State Bioweapons Programs......Page 98
North Korea......Page 99
TERRORIST AND FANATIC INTEREST IN BIOVIOLENCE......Page 101
Islamic Fundamentalist Interest in Bioviolence......Page 102
Al Qaeda’s Intentions......Page 103
Religious and “Legal” Justification......Page 104
Acquisition of Agents and Expertise......Page 107
Production......Page 108
Concluding Observations......Page 110
Part II The Global Strategy for Preventing Bioviolence......Page 115
4 Strategic Foundations......Page 117
THE INDICTMENT......Page 118
OBSTACLES TO POLICY PROGRESS......Page 122
BIOVIOLENCE IS A CRIME!......Page 124
OVERVIEW OF THE PREVENTION STRATEGY......Page 125
Resistance......Page 126
Preparedness......Page 127
Nonproliferation......Page 128
Guiding Principles......Page 129
5 Complication: What Law Enforcers Should Stop......Page 131
IRRESPONSIBLE GAPS......Page 132
THE LOGIC OF COMPLICATION......Page 133
Denial + Interdiction......Page 134
Bioscience’s Anxieties......Page 135
Registration and Census......Page 138
Denying Access to Pathogens......Page 139
Pathogen Marking......Page 141
Denying Access to Laboratories......Page 142
Denying Access to Equipment......Page 144
INTERDICTION......Page 146
Legislating the Crime......Page 147
The Dilemma of Pre-Attack Interdiction......Page 148
Clues of Bioviolence......Page 149
Pattern Recognition......Page 151
Transport Security and Counter-Smuggling......Page 154
Packaging and Labeling......Page 156
Shipping Security......Page 157
Intrusive Counter-Smuggling......Page 159
6 Improving Resistance through Science......Page 162
DUAL-IMPLICATION RESEARCH......Page 163
The Challenge of Overseeing Bioresearch......Page 164
Constraining Science?......Page 166
Virtues and Limitations of Codes of Ethics and Self-Regulation......Page 169
The Need for Translucency......Page 172
Bioresearch Education and Training......Page 174
Professional Certification......Page 175
Whistleblowers......Page 176
DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES AND MEDICINES......Page 177
Financial Barriers......Page 179
Liability Barriers......Page 182
Patent Barriers......Page 185
7 Public Health Preparedness......Page 190
PREPAREDNESS VS. COMPLICATION–THE FALSEDEBATE......Page 191
HARDENING TARGETS......Page 194
Protecting Water Supplies......Page 195
Sensors......Page 196
RESPONSE INTERVENTIONS......Page 198
Detecting and Analyzing a Bioviolence Attack......Page 199
Law Enforcement – Public Health Cooperation......Page 201
Microbial Forensics......Page 202
Containing Contagion......Page 203
Compulsory Vaccination for First Responders......Page 205
Placement of Victims......Page 208
Stockpiling and Distribution of Medical Resources......Page 209
Compulsory Medical Interventions......Page 211
Maintaining Public Confidence......Page 214
QUARANTINES......Page 215
Considerations of a Quarantine’s Efficacy......Page 216
Quarantines and the World Health Organization’s Authority......Page 218
8 International Nonproliferation......Page 222
DEFINING BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS......Page 225
The General Purpose Criterion......Page 226
Arguments For and Against Nonlethal Bioagents......Page 227
Types of NLBAs......Page 230
U.S. Military Nonlethal Programs......Page 232
Implications for the Biological Weapons Convention......Page 234
COMPLIANCE, VERIFICATION, AND CONFIDENCE BUILDING......Page 235
The Biodefense Dilemma......Page 237
The Problem of Secrecy Reprised......Page 239
Biodefense Projects of Concern......Page 241
Strengthening Confidence......Page 243
DISARMING SOVIET BIOWEAPONS STOCKPILES......Page 245
TWO ISSUES FOR REMOVAL......Page 249
A Global BWC Organization......Page 250
GOVERNANCE MISSION: THE GLOBAL COVENANT......Page 252
GOVERNANCE AGENCIES......Page 256
The United Nations Commission on Bioscience and Security (Commission)......Page 258
Define Standards for Bioscience......Page 260
Promote Capacity Building and Resource Mobilization......Page 261
The Bioviolence Prevention Office (Office)......Page 263
Information Gathering and Analysis......Page 264
Impelling Implementation......Page 265
United Nations Bioviolence Committee (Security Council Committee)......Page 268
Predecessors......Page 269
A New Inspectorate......Page 270
A Final Note on Governance......Page 271
Conclusion......Page 272
Notes......Page 277
Bibliography......Page 315
Index......Page 385