Biotechnological production of bioactive compounds

Biotechnological Production of Bioactive Compounds......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contributors......Page 4
Biographies......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
1. Technologies for extraction and production of bioactive compounds......Page 11
 2. History of bioactive compounds......Page 12
 3. Synthesis of bioactive compounds......Page 13
  4.2 Marine system......Page 14
  4.5 Metabolic engineering (ME)......Page 15
  5.2 Nonconventional methods......Page 16
  5.3 Green extraction techniques......Page 17
  5.4 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)......Page 18
  5.5 Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)......Page 19
  5.7 Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)......Page 33
 7. Conclusion......Page 34
 References......Page 35
 1. Introduction......Page 47
 2. Recovery of bioactives from various plant-based food waste......Page 51
   2.1.1 Soybean food industries......Page 52
   2.1.2 Canola oil industries......Page 54
   2.1.4 Global protein waste from hazelnut oil industry......Page 55
   2.1.6 Protein waste generation from palm oil industries......Page 56
   2.1.7 Protein waste data from cereal waste......Page 57
  2.2 Polysaccharides......Page 58
   2.2.1 Cereals......Page 59
   2.2.2 Vegetables......Page 60
   2.2.3 Fruits......Page 61
  2.3 Phenolic compounds......Page 63
 3. Utilization of bioactive compound from food wastes......Page 66
 References......Page 67
3. Bioflavonoids: synthesis, functions and biotechnological applications......Page 79
 1. Introduction......Page 80
  2.1 Chemistry of flavonoids......Page 81
   2.2.1 Flavonols......Page 82
   2.2.2 Flavones......Page 90
   2.2.5 Flavanols......Page 91
   2.2.7 Chalcones......Page 92
  3.1 Chemical methods of extraction......Page 93
   3.2.1 Microwave-assisted extraction method......Page 95
   3.2.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction method......Page 96
   3.2.4 Supercritical fluid extraction......Page 97
  4.1 Free radical scavenging......Page 98
  4.2 Anti tumor effects......Page 99
  4.4 Anti diabetic effects......Page 100
 References......Page 103
4. Bioactive peptides: synthesis, functions and biotechnological applications......Page 116
 1. Introduction......Page 117
 3. BAPs from animal sources......Page 118
 4. BAPs from vegetal sources......Page 119
 5. Peptides from food sources......Page 120
 7. Eggs......Page 121
 9. Exogenous peptides......Page 122
 10. Production of BAPs......Page 123
  10.2 Microbial fermentation......Page 124
  10.3 Chemical synthesis......Page 125
 11. Purification and recovery approaches......Page 126
 13. Antimicrobial BAPs......Page 128
 14. Antioxidative peptides......Page 129
 15. Cytomodulatory and immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory peptides......Page 130
 16. Antihypertensive peptides......Page 132
 17. Anticancerous peptides......Page 133
 18. Opioid peptides......Page 134
 19. Biotechnology applications......Page 135
 20. Conclusion and future directions......Page 136
 References......Page 137
5. Biotechnological production of phytosteviosides and their potential applications......Page 147
 2. Structure and biochemical properties of steviosides......Page 148
 3. Estimation of steviosides......Page 150
 4. Extraction of steviosides......Page 151
 5. Conventional approaches for phytostevioside production......Page 152
 7. Using tissue culture technology......Page 153
 8. Establishment of callus and suspension cultures......Page 154
 9. Stevioside production using bioreactors......Page 155
 11. Production of steviosides using metabolic engineering......Page 156
 13. Application of stevioside as substitute for table sugar......Page 158
 14. Application of steviosides in food industry and beverages......Page 160
 15. Application of steviosides in dairy industry......Page 162
 16. Applications of steviosides as therapeutics......Page 163
 17. Safety aspects and toxicity of steviosides......Page 164
 18. Current status and future prospects of steviosides......Page 165
 References......Page 166
 1. Introduction......Page 173
 2. Biotechnological intervention for improving bioactive molecules in vegetables......Page 176
 4. In vitro plant regeneration and micropropagation......Page 183
 5. Bioinformatics resources and “Omics” based Himalayan medicinal plants research......Page 186
 6. Scope and limitation of health promising bioactive compounds......Page 189
 7. Conclusion and future directions......Page 191
 References......Page 192
7. Biotechnological production of high-valued algal astaxanthin and lutein under different growth conditions......Page 198
 1. Introduction......Page 199
  2.1 Astaxanthin (sources and importance)......Page 200
  3.1 Lutein sources and importance......Page 201
  4.1 Astaxanthin......Page 203
   4.1.1 Haematococcus pluvialis......Page 204
   4.1.2 Chlorella zofingiens......Page 211
   4.2.1 Murielopsis sp......Page 212
   4.2.3 Chlorella sp.......Page 215
   4.2.6 Heterochlorella luteoviridis......Page 216
 References......Page 217
8. Biotechnological exploitation of cyanobacteria and microalgae for bioactive compounds......Page 228
 1. Introduction......Page 229
 2. Algae as a source of bioactive compounds......Page 230
  3.1 Prokaryotic microalgae: cyanobacteria......Page 231
  3.2 Eukaryotic microalgae......Page 233
 4. Microalgal bioactive compounds......Page 234
  4.1 Antioxidant compounds......Page 235
  4.2 Anti-inflammatory compounds......Page 237
   4.3.1 Antibacterial compounds......Page 238
   4.3.2 Antifungal compounds......Page 241
   4.3.3 Algicidal compounds......Page 243
   4.3.4 Antiviral compounds......Page 244
  4.4 Antitumoral compounds......Page 246
  4.5 Additional bioactive compounds......Page 247
   5.1.1 Photoautotrophic cultivation system......Page 250
  5.2 Extraction of algae-derived bioactive compounds......Page 251
 References......Page 252
9. Biotechnological production of sweeteners......Page 267
 1. Introduction......Page 268
  2.1 Artificial sweeteners......Page 269
  2.4 Natural zero calorie sweeteners......Page 270
 3. Commercial outlook and demand of sweeteners......Page 272
  4.1 Xylitol......Page 275
  4.4 Mannitol......Page 276
  5.1 Xylitol......Page 277
  5.2 Erythritol......Page 280
  5.3 Arabitol......Page 283
  5.4 Sorbitol......Page 285
  5.5 Mannitol......Page 287
 6. Conclusion and future directions......Page 288
 References......Page 289
10. Microbial production of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids......Page 299
 1. Introduction......Page 300
 3. Sources of omega-3-fatty acids......Page 301
   3.1.2 Microalgae......Page 303
   3.1.4 Genetically modified plants and other microorganisms......Page 305
  4.1 Optimization of physicochemical condition on production of DHA......Page 306
   4.1.1 Effect of carbon sources......Page 307
   4.1.2 Effect of nitrogen sources......Page 308
   4.1.3 Effect of pH......Page 309
   4.1.5 Effect of aeration on DHA production......Page 310
 5. Extraction and quantification of microalgal omega-3 fatty acids......Page 311
 6. Extraction of omega-3 fatty acids from fungi......Page 319
 7. Conclusion and future directions......Page 321
 References......Page 322
 1. Introduction......Page 333
  1.1 Biopigments types, classification and properties......Page 335
  2.1 Physiological aspects of microbial biopigments production......Page 339
  2.2 Microorganisms: an asset in biopigment production......Page 340
  2.3 Consolidated processes for microbial processes production......Page 342
  2.4 Prospecting microorganisms for biopigments and innovative applications of these metabolites......Page 343
  2.5 Strain improvement methods for improved biopigments production......Page 344
  3.1 Potential biomasses as a substrate for biopigment production......Page 347
  3.2 Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of biopigments......Page 348
  3.3 Reactor configuration and fermentation modes......Page 350
 4. Biopigments recovery methods......Page 351
 5. Potential applications......Page 355
 6. Conclusion and future directions......Page 357
 References......Page 358
12. Biotechnological production and applications of ribonucleases......Page 368
 1. Introduction......Page 369
 2. Major sources of RNases......Page 370
  2.2 Fungal ribonucleases......Page 371
  2.3 Plant ribonucleases......Page 372
 3. Potential applications of ribonucleases......Page 373
 5. Ribonuclease P......Page 376
 6. Ribonuclease H......Page 377
 7. Role of ribonucleases in cancerous diseases......Page 378
 8. Bovine seminal ribonuclease (BR-RNase)......Page 380
 9. Onconase......Page 381
 10. RNase T1......Page 382
 12. Barnase......Page 383
 13. RNase Sa......Page 384
 16. Antiviral activity of ribonucleases......Page 385
 17. Conclusion and future directions......Page 386
 References......Page 387
 1. Introduction......Page 395
 2. Green chemistry and its principles......Page 396
 3. Medicinal importance of bioactive molecules......Page 399
 5. Nanomaterials based bioactive compound delivery......Page 400
  5.1 Nanomaterials for delivery of anti-oxidant bioactive molecules......Page 401
  5.2 Nanomaterials for delivery of anti-cancer bioactive molecules......Page 402
  5.3 Nanomaterials for delivery of anti-malarial bioactive molecules......Page 403
  5.5 Nanomaterials for delivery of wound healing bioactive molecules......Page 404
 6. Conclusion and future directions......Page 405
 References......Page 406
 1. Introduction......Page 412
 2. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of bioactive compounds......Page 415
 3. Nano-bioactive compounds......Page 416
  4.1 Polymeric nanoparticles......Page 418
  4.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles......Page 421
  4.3 Liposomes......Page 423
  4.4 Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)......Page 424
  4.6 Nanoemulsions......Page 425
 5. Conclusion and future directions......Page 426
 References......Page 427
15. Nanotechnology for enhanced bioactivity of bioactive compounds......Page 435
 1. Introduction......Page 436
  2.1 Enzyme catalysis......Page 437
  2.2 Detection of pathogen and biomarkers......Page 438
  2.3 Hormonal balance......Page 440
  2.4 Application in healing from wounds......Page 443
  2.5 Application in immune responses......Page 444
 3. Increase the biological activity of bioactive molecules by using nanotechnology......Page 446
  3.1 Design of nanocarriers for delivery of bioactive molecules......Page 447
    3.1.1.1 Nanoemulsions......Page 448
    3.1.1.2 Nanoprecipitation technique......Page 450
  3.2 Design of nanocarriers by using bioactive molecules......Page 451
    3.2.1.1 Current protein delivery methods and challenges......Page 452
   3.3.1 Scaffold preparation or fabrication......Page 454
   3.3.2 Bioactive molecules for efficient tissue engineering application using nanotechnology......Page 455
 4. Scope and limitation of bioactive compounds......Page 456
 5. Conclusion and future directions......Page 457
 References......Page 458
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 M......Page 479
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