Biotechnological Advances in Bamboo: The “Green Gold” on the Earth

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Bamboo: Origin, Habitat, Distributions and Global Prospective
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Bamboo Origin, Habitat and Diversity
	1.3 Taxonomical Identification of Bamboo
	1.4 Classification of Bamboo
	1.5 Bamboo Culm and Its Development
	1.6 Difference in Characteristics of Bamboo in Reference to Trees
	1.7 An Overview of Important Genera and Species of Bamboos
	1.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Molecular Markers in Bamboos: Understanding Reproductive Biology, Genetic Structure, Interspecies Diversity, and Cl...
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Molecular Markers for Comprehensive Population Genetic Studies in Bamboos
	2.3 SNP Markers and their Application to Conservation and Breeding
	2.4 Phylogenomics and its Application to Bamboo Taxonomy
	2.5 Protein and Nucleotide Motifs for Evolutionary Studies with Gene Families
	2.6 Functional Gene Markers for Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Bamboos
	2.7 Molecular Markers for Genetic Fidelity
	2.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 3: Standard Protocols for in Vitro Propagation of Bamboo with Emphasis on Axillary Shoot Proliferation
	3.1 Why Is in Vitro Culture an Option for Bamboo Propagation?
	3.2 Developmental Pathways for Bamboo Regeneration
	3.3 Use of Axillary Buds for Bamboo Micropropagation
	3.4 Relevant Steps during Bamboo Axillary Bud Micropropagation
		3.4.1 Explant Selection
		3.4.2 Disinfection
		3.4.3 Dissection and Positioning
		3.4.4 Bud Sprouting
		3.4.5 Culture Conditions
		3.4.6 Multiplication
		3.4.7 Rooting
		3.4.8 Acclimatization
	3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 4: Somatic Embryogenesis in Bamboos: Advances and Prospects
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Timeline of Bamboo Somatic Embryogenesis
	4.3 Morpho-Anatomy of Bamboo Somatic Embryogenesis
	4.4 Biochemical Approaches
	4.5 Molecular Biology Approaches
	4.6 In Vitro Conservation Strategies
	4.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 5: Initiation and Establishment of Cell Suspension Cultures in Bamboo
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Cell Suspensions in Bamboo
	5.3 Stages of Callogenesis and Establishment of Cell Suspensions
	5.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 6: Foliar-Anatomical Adaptations of Micropropagated Plants of Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Towards Photoautotro...
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Materials and Methods
		6.2.1 Explant Source and Sterilization Procedures
		6.2.2 Establishment of Aseptic Cultures and Development of Plantlets
		6.2.3 Acclimatization of Plantlets
		6.2.4 Foliar-Anatomical Evaluation
		6.2.5 Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments
		6.2.6 Statistical Analysis
	6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.3.1 Micropropagation of D. strictus
		6.3.2 Hardening and Acclimatization of D. strictus
		6.3.3 Foliar-Anatomical Evaluation at Subsequent Stages of Micropropagation
		6.3.4 Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Micropropagation of Bamboos and Clonal Fidelity Assessment Using Molecular Markers
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Bamboo Micropropagation
		7.2.1 Factors Affecting Bamboo Micropropagation
			7.2.1.1 Nature of Explant
			7.2.1.2 Microbial Contamination
			7.2.1.3 Browning of Plantlet
			7.2.1.4 Hyperhydricity
		7.2.2 Sterilization of Culture Explants
		7.2.3 Culture Initiation
		7.2.4 In Vitro Shooting and Rooting Responses
		7.2.5 Acclimatization and Hardening
	7.3 Clonal Fidelity Assessment of Micropropagated Bamboos
		7.3.1 Somaclonal Variation
		7.3.2 Molecular Markers in Clonal Fidelity Assessment
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Standardization of Laboratory to Land Transfer Strategies of Micropropagated Plantlets of Bamboo
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Effect of Different Factors toward Successful Establishment of Bamboo Plantlets
		8.2.1 Basal Medium
		8.2.2 Microenvironment in Plant Tissue Culture of Bamboo (Light Intensity, Temperature, and Relative Humidity)
		8.2.3 In Vitro Rooting of Bamboo Shoots
			8.2.3.1 Effect of Different Phytohormones on Ex Vitro Rooting
			8.2.3.2 Rooting Percentage
		8.2.4 Hardening
			8.2.4.1 Survivability during Hardening
		8.2.5 Acclimatization
			8.2.5.1 Effect of Different Soil Mixtures on Acclimatization of Bamboo
			8.2.5.2 Survivability during Acclimatization
		8.2.6 Macroproliferation
		8.2.7 Response of in Vitro Raised Plantlets after Field Transfer
	8.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Management of Bamboo Genetic Resources and Clonal Production Systems
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Genetic Resources of Bamboos and Essential Traits for Breeding Purposes
	9.3 Major Strategies for Clonal Propagation of Bamboos: Methods Applied to Greenhouse and Outdoor Environments
	9.4 In Vitro Strategies for Bamboo Conservation and Large-Scale Propagation
	9.5 Application of Molecular Markers to Bamboo Conservation and Breeding
	9.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 10: Polymorphism and Phylogenetic Relationships in Bamboo
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Morphological Traits: Key to Bamboo Identification and Characterization
		10.2.1 Limitation of Morphological Characters
	10.3 DNA Fingerprinting-Based Methods
		10.3.1 RFLP
		10.3.2 RAPD
		10.3.3 SCARs
		10.3.4 AFLP
		10.3.5 SSR
		10.3.6 SRAP
	10.4 DNA Sequence-Based Methods
		10.4.1 Organelle Genes
		10.4.2 Nuclear Genes
	10.5 Bamboo and Molecular Descriptors
	10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 11: Transgenic Approaches in Bamboo
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Brief Account of Its Potential for Micro-Propagation
	11.3 Stress-Tolerant Genes in Bamboo
	11.4 Salt- and Drought-Tolerant Genes in Bamboo
	11.5 Drought Tolerance Shown by Bamboo
	11.6 The ASR (Abscisic Acid-, Stress-, and Ripening-Induced) Gene Family
	11.7 Salt Tolerance in Bamboo
	11.8 Role of PheDi19-8, a Type of Di19 Gene Family
	11.9 Overexpression of PheDi19-8 Increases Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis
	11.10 Effect of Drought Stress on the Physiology of PheDi19-8-Overexpressing Lines
	11.11 Xanthophyll Cycle: The Center Where the Excess Light Regulation Takes Place
	11.12 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: Advances in the Conservation of Bamboo Genetic Resources Through Whole Seed Cryopreservation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 The Importance of Plant Diversity and Genetic Resources
	12.3 Germplasm Conservation
	12.4 Characteristic of Seeds and Germination of Bamboo
	12.5 Cryopreservation of Bamboo Seeds for Long-Term Conservation
	12.6 Cryopreservation of Bamboo Seeds
	12.7 Conclusive Remarks and Challenges
	References
Chapter 13: Application of Biotechnological Tool in Bamboo Improvement
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Improvement Through Molecular Approaches
		13.2.1 Polymorphism and Delineating Phylogenetic Relationships
		13.2.2 Genetic Fidelity
	13.3 Genetic Transformation and Gene Editing
	13.4 Genome Map of Bamboo
	13.5 Micropropagation
	13.6 Nanotechnology
	13.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 14: Ethnobamboology: Traditional Uses of Bamboos and Opportunities to Exploit Genomic Resources for Better Exploitation
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Various Ethnobotanical Uses of Bamboos
		14.2.1 Various Medicinal Utilities of Bamboos on Human
			14.2.1.1 Reports from India
			14.2.1.2 Reports from Other Countries
		14.2.2 Isolation of Phytochemicals having Potential Medicinal Importance
		14.2.3 Various Medicinal Utilities of Bamboos on Domestic Animals and Plants
			14.2.3.1 Reports from India
			14.2.3.2 Reports from Other Countries
		14.2.4 Uses of Bamboo as Raw Material for Handicrafts, Artifacts, and Handloom Industries
			14.2.4.1 Reports from India
			14.2.4.2 Reports from Other Countries
		14.2.5 Uses of Bamboo as Raw Materials for Making Baskets and Furnitures
			14.2.5.1 Reports from India
			14.2.5.2 Reports from Other Countries
		14.2.6 Atypical Ethnobotanical Uses of Bamboos by Various Ethnic Communities
			14.2.6.1 Reports from India
			14.2.6.2 Reports from Other Countries
		14.2.7 Recent Progress on Bamboo Genomics and Its Future Implication on ``Ethnobamboology´´
		14.2.8 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 15: Bamboo Flowering in South America: What the Past Tells about the Future
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Flowering in Bamboo
	15.3 Environmental Factors
	15.4 Genetic Factors
	15.5 Both?
	15.6 Consequences of Bamboo Flowering
	References
Chapter 16: Molecular Markers in Bamboo Genotyping: Prospects for Conservation and Breeding
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Morphometric Taxonomy in Bamboo
	16.3 Limitations of Morphometric Taxonomy
	16.4 Application of Different Molecular Markers for Bamboo Taxonomy
		16.4.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
		16.4.2 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
		16.4.3 Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR)
		16.4.4 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR)
		16.4.5 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) or Microsatellite
		16.4.6 Expressed Sequence Tagged-Simple Sequence Repeat (EST-SSR)
		16.4.7 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
		16.4.8 DNA Barcoding and Molecular Phylogeny in Bamboo
	16.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17: Application of Bamboo in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industry
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Bamboo as Food
	17.3 Nutritional Properties of Bamboo
	17.4 Bamboo as Medicine
	17.5 Pharmaceutical Properties of Bioactive Compounds in Bamboo Shoot
		17.5.1 Phytosterol
		17.5.2 Phenol
		17.5.3 Dietary Fiber
	17.6 Application of Bamboo Shoot in Food Fortification
	17.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18: Functional Pasta: A Comparative Study of the Use of Bamboo Fibers and White Fibers
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Material and Methods
		18.2.1 Raw Materials
		18.2.2 Characterization of Semolina and Commercial Fibers
		18.2.3 Pasta Production
		18.2.4 Cooking Performance of Pasta
		18.2.5 Technological Assessment of Pasta
		18.2.6 Statistical Analysis
	18.3 Results and Discussion
		18.3.1 Characterization of Semolina and Commercial Fibers
		18.3.2 Cooking Performance of Pasta
		18.3.3 Technological Assessment of Pasta
	18.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Bamboo Fiber as a Substitute for Fat and/or Sugar in Cookies
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Material and Methods
		19.2.1 Raw Materials
		19.2.2 Wheat Flour and Commercial Bamboo Fiber Characterization
		19.2.3 Experimental Design
		19.2.4 Cookie Manufacturing
		19.2.5 Technological Properties of Cookies
		19.2.6 Selection of Cookies
		19.2.7 Characterization of the Selected Cookies
			19.2.7.1 Proximate Composition
			19.2.7.2 Technological Properties and Storage Stability
		19.2.8 Statistical Analysis of the Selected Cookies
	19.3 Results and Discussion
		19.3.1 Raw Material Characterization
		19.3.2 Technological Properties of the Cookies
		19.3.3 Selection of the Cookies
		19.3.4 Characterization of the Selected Cookies
			19.3.4.1 Proximate Composition
			19.3.4.2 Technological Properties and Storage Stability
	19.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Practical Applications of Bamboo as a Building Material: Trends and Challenges
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Advances in Practical Bamboo Applications for Construction
		20.2.1 Steel Substitute
		20.2.2 Concrete Reinforcement
		20.2.3 Preservation of Bamboo
			20.2.3.1 Traditional Method
			20.2.3.2 Chemical Method
	20.3 Bamboo in Building Structures
		20.3.1 Roof
		20.3.2 Foundation
		20.3.3 Flooring
		20.3.4 Doors and Windows
		20.3.5 Wall
		20.3.6 Scaffolding
	20.4 Bamboo for Structural Strengthening
	20.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References