Biorights: The Neo-economic Conservation Paradigm for Global South

Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction to Biorights
	1.1 Nature’s Services in Primitive Agrarian Societies
	1.2 Ecosystem Services and Socioeconomic Identities of Communities
		1.2.1 Case Study 1
		1.2.2 Case Study 2
	1.3 Ethnobiology and Natural Rights of Communities
		1.3.1 Ethnobiological Significance of Community Rights
		1.3.2 User Rights and Human Rights: Conflicts and Convergence
		1.3.3 Societal Paradigm for Indigenous Users of Nature’s Goods and Services
		1.3.4 Key Issues at the Intersection of Conservation and Human Rights
		1.3.5 Equity in Benefit-Sharing
	References
Chapter 2: Rights Based Approach in Conservation
	2.1 Community Rights in Conservation
	2.2 Environmental Rights
	2.3 Rights of Indigenous Peoples
	2.4 Conservation Initiative on Human Rights from World Parks Congress in Durban
	2.5 Gender Equality
	2.6 Key Issues at the Intersection of Conservation and Human Rights
	2.7 Frameworks for Discussion of the Crucial Topics
	2.8 Community Led Conservation
	2.9 Community Forestry: Case Studies from South and Southeast Asia
		2.9.1 Indonesia
		2.9.2 Vietnam
		2.9.3 Cambodia
		2.9.4 Philippines
		2.9.5 India
	2.10 Social Forestry
		2.10.1 Social Forestry and Agrarian Reform in Indonesia
		2.10.2 A State-Driven Social Forestry in Vietnam
		2.10.3 Finding Space for Social Forestry within Economic Development and Tenure Conflicts in Sabah
	2.11 Right to Nature (Table 2.6)
	References
Chapter 3: Biorights of Commons
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Genesis of Biorights
	3.3 Biorights: Design Thinking Approach
	3.4 Biorights – Discussing Few Case Examples and Global Forms
		3.4.1 A Case from Central Luzon, Philippine
		3.4.2 A Case Example from Nigeria
		3.4.3 Case Examples from Bhutan Himalayas
			3.4.3.1 Community Forestry for Sustaining Life and Environment
			3.4.3.2 Status of Community Forestry in Bhutan
			3.4.3.3 Policy and Practice
			3.4.3.4 Issues for Further Planning
		3.4.4 Ecotourism in South Asia: Combining Wetland Conservation and Business
		3.4.5 Economy and Ecology of Pastoral Nomads of Eastern Himalayas
			3.4.5.1 Pasture Management
			3.4.5.2 Transhumance and Drukor
	References
Chapter 4: Biorights as a Financial Mechanism
	4.1 Facets of Biorights as a Financial Mechanism
	4.2 Some Additional Models in Vogue Aligned with Biorights
	4.3 REDD, REDD+ and UN-REDD: Reduction of Emission from Deforestation and Degradation of Forest
	4.4 Blue Carbon
	4.5 Other Emerging Contours
	4.6 Building Capacities for Sustainable Ecosystem Services
	4.7 Towards Sustaining Ecosystem Services
	References
Chapter 5: Economics of Biorights
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Cost of Conservation and Commons
	5.3 Opportunity Cost: Concept, Assessment and Internalization
	5.4 Opportunity Cost and Production Possibility Frontiers
	5.5 Economic Values of Nature’s Goods and Services
	5.6 Valuating Opportunity Cost for PES
	5.7 Paying for Biorights from Ecosystem Services
	5.8 Incentivizing Ecosystem Services: A Critical Appraisal
	5.9 Biorights Model in Economic Environmental Zones and Poverty Alleviation
		5.9.1 The Model: Assumptions and Core Concepts
	References
Chapter 6: Biorights in Local Context
	6.1 Can Biorights Be Claimed by Locals?
	6.2 Socio-political Attributes of Biorights of Commons
	6.3 Local Policies and Law Enforcements
	6.4 Ownership Rights
	6.5 Aligning Biorights to Local Conservation Approaches
	6.6 Biorights and Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CB-NRM)
		6.6.1 Community Groups in CB-NRM
		6.6.2 Conservation and Development in Local Political Agenda
	References
Chapter 7: Biorights in the Climate Milieu
	7.1 Introduction: Climate Change and Environmental Justice
		7.1.1 Equalizing Climate Change Policies Using Rights to Be Informed
		7.1.2 Significance of Human-Rights Approach in Environmental Justice
	7.2 Integrating Human Rights in Climate Action
	7.3 Nature-based Solutions and Biorights in Climate Crisis
	7.4 Why Should Biorights Work in South Asia? – Some Success Stories
		7.4.1 GPI and Poverty Reduction: Indonesia
		7.4.2 PES: An IUCN Endeavor in Vietnam
		7.4.3 Community Forestry Initiatives: BIORIGHTS in Philippines
		7.4.4 East Kolkata Wetlands: Ecological Profile
		7.4.5 Economics & Land Ownership
		7.4.6 Urban Development and Encroachment Issue
		7.4.7 The Biorights Project at East Kolkata Wetlands
		7.4.8 Community Involvement
		7.4.9 Sustainable Replication
		7.4.10 The Partnership Initiatives
		7.4.11 Impacts and Outcomes
		7.4.12 Shrimp Farming and Mangrove Loss
		7.4.13 Integrated Mangrove Aquaculture: A Potential Nature-Based Solutions
		7.4.14 Indian Scenarios of Integrated Mangrove-Shrimp Cultivation
		7.4.15 Traditional Shrimp Farming in West Bengal
		7.4.16 Ecosystem Based Production Methods
		7.4.17 Challenges of Traditional Shrimp Farming
		7.4.18 Integrated Mangrove Aquaculture in North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal: A pilot initiative
		7.4.19 IMA Methods and Practices
		7.4.20 Observations and Major Lessons Learned
		7.4.21 Way Forward
	References
Chapter 8: Biorights in Pandemic Crisis
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Wetland’s Biorights Intervention in Pandemics
		8.2.1 Vulnerability and Sustainability Factors
	8.3 Bio-rights: Impact Assessment
		8.3.1 Assessment Studies in Pandemic Crisis
		8.3.2 Outcomes & Impact
	References
Index