Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Cold Regions

Cover......Page 1
Half title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Preface......Page 15
Future initiatives......Page 16
Glossary......Page 17
Acronyms......Page 25
1.1 Introduction......Page 27
1.2.1.1 Scale of the problem......Page 29
Northern Europe: Finland, Norway, and Sweden......Page 30
Iceland......Page 32
Russian Federation......Page 33
1.2.1.3 Antarctic......Page 35
1.2.1.4 Summary of the extent of contamination in cold regions......Page 36
1.2.2.1 Overview......Page 37
Canada......Page 39
Greenland and Iceland......Page 40
Norway and Sweden......Page 41
Finland......Page 42
1.2.2.3 Antarctic regulation......Page 43
The Madrid Protocol......Page 44
1.2.2.4 Free-product dispersal and sheen......Page 45
Russian Federation......Page 46
1.2.3.2 Antarctic remediation......Page 47
1.3.1 Assessing and managing petroleum contamination in cold regions......Page 48
1.3.2 A Canadian case study from Resolute Island, Nunavut......Page 49
1.3.3 An Australian Antarctic/sub-Antarctic case study......Page 52
1.3.3.2 Ecotoxicology......Page 55
1.3.3.3 Community level ecological investigations......Page 56
1.4 Guidelines and recommendations......Page 57
1.5.1 The need for scientifically informed policy development......Page 58
1.5.2 Research needs for the development of guidelines and regulations......Page 59
1.5.2.2 Soil ecotoxicology......Page 60
1.5.2.3 Ecosystem resilience to contamination......Page 61
1.5.3 Concluding remarks......Page 63
2.1 Introduction......Page 64
2.2.1.2 Soil heat capacity, unfrozen moisture content, and the latent heat of fusion......Page 65
2.2.1.3 Freezing saline soils......Page 66
2.2.1.4 Permeability......Page 67
2.2.1.5 Vapor flow......Page 68
2.2.2 The active layer......Page 69
2.2.2.1 Heat transfer in the active layer......Page 71
2.2.3 Depth of freeze and thaw......Page 72
2.2.4 Phenomena of freezing ground......Page 75
2.2.4.3 Taliks......Page 76
2.3 Guidelines and recommendations......Page 77
2.4.1 Permafrost and climate change......Page 78
3.1 Introduction......Page 81
3.2 Review......Page 82
3.3.1 Field observations of petroleum migration in unfrozen active layers......Page 84
3.3.2 Field observations of petroleum migration in frozen active layers and permafrost......Page 86
3.3.3 Theoretical concepts of petroleum movement in freezing and frozen soils......Page 88
3.4 Guidelines and recommendations......Page 93
3.5 Future research......Page 94
4.1 Introduction......Page 95
4.2.1.2 Alkane-degrading bacteria: pure cultures......Page 96
4.2.1.3 Alkane degradation pathways and genes......Page 97
4.2.1.5 Aromatic degradation pathways and genes......Page 100
4.2.1.6 How significant are the culturable bacteria?......Page 102
4.2.2.1 Cold and fluctuating temperatures......Page 103
4.2.2.3 Soil pH......Page 105
4.3 Recommendations......Page 106
4.3.1.2 Enumeration of hydrocarbon degraders......Page 107
4.3.1.3 Detection of hydrocarbon degradation genes in soil......Page 108
4.4 Future research......Page 109
5.1 Introduction......Page 110
5.2 Review......Page 111
5.2.1 Air and soil temperature relationship......Page 112
5.2.2.1 Reaction rate and temperature......Page 113
5.3.1 The effect of water at sub-zero temperatures......Page 114
5.3.2.1 Cold-adapted proteins......Page 115
5.3.2.2 Lipids and membranes at low temperature......Page 116
5.3.2.3 Microbial response to temperature reduction......Page 117
5.3.3 Temperature effects on bioremediation......Page 118
5.3.4 Laboratory experiments......Page 119
5.3.5 Field trials......Page 120
5.4 Guidelines and recommendations......Page 128
5.5 Future research......Page 133
6.1 Introduction......Page 135
6.2.1.1 Extraction......Page 136
6.2.1.2 Concentration and cleanup......Page 137
6.2.1.3 Quantification......Page 138
6.2.2.1 NOM in soil......Page 139
6.2.2.2 Biogenic interference in analytical methods for petroleum......Page 140
6.2.3.1 Background sampling......Page 141
6.3 Recent advances in solving the NOM problem......Page 142
6.3.1.2 Laboratory preparation of samples......Page 144
Carrier gas and flow rates......Page 145
Peak identi.cation and integration......Page 146
6.3.1.5 Summary of the pyrolysis-GC/FID method......Page 148
6.5 Future research......Page 149
7.1 Introduction......Page 151
7.2 Review......Page 152
7.2.1 Microcosms......Page 153
7.2.2.1 Sacrificial flask experiments......Page 154
7.2.3 Field trials......Page 161
7.3.2 Accommodating the effects of repeated freeze-thaw......Page 163
7.3.4 Modeling and predictive studies......Page 164
7.4.2 Monitor appropriate variables......Page 168
7.4.3 Consider possible scale-up issues......Page 169
7.5 Future research......Page 170
8.1 Introduction......Page 180
8.2.1 Nitrogen in bioremediation......Page 181
8.2.2 Nitrogen in soil......Page 183
8.2.3 Phosphorus in bioremediation......Page 186
8.2.4 Detrimental effects of excess nutrients......Page 188
8.3 Recommendations for fertilizer use......Page 193
8.4 Future research......Page 195
9.1 Introduction......Page 196
9.2.1.1 Excess moisture and insufficient soil aeration......Page 197
9.2.1.3 Nutrients......Page 198
9.2.1.4 Soil temperature......Page 199
9.2.1.6 Vegetation......Page 200
9.2.1.7 Soil mixing (tilling)......Page 201
9.2.2.1 Landfarming experiences in the Arctic......Page 202
Fairbanks International Airport, Alaska......Page 203
Pukatawagan, Manitoba (Canada)......Page 205
Kerguelen Archipelago (France)......Page 206
Casey Station, Antarctica......Page 207
Vestfold Hills, Antarctica......Page 208
9.3.2 Role of volatilization......Page 209
9.3.4 Aeration......Page 210
9.4.2 Appropriate monitoring......Page 211
9.4.2.1 Soil sampling......Page 212
9.4.2.2 Soil analysis......Page 213
9.5 Future research......Page 214
10.1 Introduction......Page 216
10.2 Review......Page 217
10.2.1 Development of thermally enhanced bioremediation......Page 218
10.3.1.1 Soil composition and biopile homogenization......Page 221
10.3.1.2 Influence of soil type on airflow and bioventing......Page 223
10.3.1.3 Heat transfer in soil......Page 224
10.3.1.4 Application of heat transfer models......Page 226
10.3.1.5 Load simulation......Page 227
10.3.1.6 Modeling freeze-thaw depths......Page 228
10.3.2 Generic design of an integrated thermally enhanced bioremediation system......Page 229
10.3.2.1 Bioventing and vapor extraction......Page 230
Thermal insulation systems......Page 232
Covers......Page 234
10.3.2.3 Power supply......Page 235
10.4 Conclusions and future research......Page 236
11.1 Introduction......Page 238
11.2.1 Low-cost heating for engineered bioremediation......Page 239
11.2.3 Phytoremediation and rhizosphere enhancement......Page 241
11.2.4 Site-specific cleanup criteria with institutional controls......Page 243
11.3.1 Initial indicators about potential for groundwater treatment......Page 244
11.3.1.2 Role of temperature: laboratory tests under aerobic conditions......Page 245
11.3.1.5 Field evidence on biodegradation rates......Page 246
11.3.1.6 Survey of published information on bioremediation of hydrocarbons in groundwater at cold climate sites......Page 248
11.3.2.1 Permeable reactive barriers......Page 251
Material selection......Page 252
11.3.2.2 Controlled-release nutrients......Page 253
11.4 Conclusions......Page 255
References......Page 257
Index......Page 290