Bioremediation and Biotechnology, Vol 2: Degradation of Pesticides and Heavy Metals

Foreword
Preface
About the Book
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Causes and Effects of Pesticide and Metal Pollution on Different Ecosystems
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Causes and Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution
	1.3 Causes and Effects of Pesticide Pollution
	1.4 Conclusion
	1.5 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 2: Ecotoxicology of Heavy Metals: Sources, Effects and Toxicity
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sources of HM Pollution
		2.2.1 Mercury (Hg)
		2.2.2 Lead (Pb)
		2.2.3 Arsenic (As)
		2.2.4 Cadmium (Cd)
		2.2.5 Chromium (Cr)
	2.3 HMs in Aquatic Ecosystems
		2.3.1 HMs Bioavailability to Aquatic Organisms
		2.3.2 Trophic Transfer of HMs
	2.4 Assessment of HMs in Ecosystems
	2.5 Biomagnification of HMs
	2.6 Human Exposure to HMs
	2.7 Conclusion and Suggestions
	References
Chapter 3: Role of Modern Innovative Techniques for Assessing and Monitoring Heavy Metal and Pesticide Pollution in Different Environments
	3.1 Heavy Metal and Pesticide Pollution
		3.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollution
		3.1.2 Pesticide Pollution
	3.2 Innovative Techniques for Assessing and Monitoring Heavy Metals and Pesticide Pollution
	3.3 Conclusions
	3.4 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 4: Global Scenario of Remediation Techniques to Combat Pesticide Pollution
	4.1 Background
	4.2 Potential Risk Factors and Prevention of Contamination with Dangerous Chemical Substances and Mixtures
	4.3 Management of Plant Protection Products (Pesticides/Biocides)
		4.3.1 The Risk of Soil Contamination with Persistent Organic Compounds and Its Prevention
		4.3.2 European Policies and Instruments for the Protection of Human Health and the Environment Against Dangerous Chemicals and Mixtures
	4.4 Methodology for Managing Potentially Contaminated Sites
	4.5 Monitoring of Soil Quality
	4.6 Control of Residues in Plants and Plant Products, as a Result of Metabolism/Migration of Hazardous Chemical Substances and Mixtures in the Soil
	4.7 Regulation on Biocidal Products
		4.7.1 Regulation Regarding the Prior Consent Procedure in the Knowledge of the Case
		4.7.2 The Effects of Pesticides/Dangerous Substances on Humans
		4.7.3 Determination of the Harmful Dose
	4.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 5: Mycoremediation: A Sustainable Approach for Pesticide Pollution Abatement
	5.1 Background
	5.2 Mycorrhizal Fungi Are of Two Types
		5.2.1 Life Cycle of Mycorrhizal Fungi
	5.3 Mode of Action of Pesticides
		5.3.1 Adsorption
		5.3.2 Circulation of Pesticides in Soil
		5.3.3 Abiotic Degradation
		5.3.4 Biotic Degradation
	5.4 Mycoremediation Methods
	5.5 Mycorrhizal Relations/Intraspecific Relations
		5.5.1 Increasing Biodiversity
		5.5.2 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture
		5.5.3 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources in Agriculture
		5.5.4 Protection of Soil from Erosion and Maintenance of Organic Matter and Soil Structure
		5.5.5 Reduce the Use of Pesticides in Order to Reduce the Adverse Impact on the Environment
		5.5.6 Reduce the Pollution of Waters with Nitrates from Agricultural Sources
	5.6 Reducing Pesticide Pollution
	5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 6: Bio-Pesticides: Application and Possible Mechanism of Action
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Microbial Pesticides
		6.2.1 Bacteria (Mechanism of Action and Applications)
			6.2.1.1 Bacillus thuringiensis
			6.2.1.2 Bacillus subtilis
		6.2.2 Fungi
			6.2.2.1 Metarhizium anisopliae
			6.2.2.2 Beauveria bassiana
		6.2.3 Protozoa
			6.2.3.1 Nosema
		6.2.4 Virus
			6.2.4.1 Baculovirus
		6.2.5 Entomopathogenic Nematodes
			6.2.5.1 Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Rhabditida)
	6.3 Plant-Incorporated Protectants/Genetically Modified Plants (GMP)
	6.4 Biochemical Pesticides
		6.4.1 Plant Extract/Botanical Pesticides
			6.4.1.1 Azadirachta Indica (Neem)
			6.4.1.2 Annona muricata (Custard Apple) and Annona squamosa (Graviola)
		6.4.2 Pheromones
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Values of Biofertilizers for Sustainable Management in Agricultural Industries
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Motility of Microorganisms and Plants
		7.2.1 Increases Soil Toxicity
		7.2.2 Increases Plant Diseases
		7.2.3 Makes Waterways Impassable and Damage Marine Life
		7.2.4 These Fertilizers Have a Short Life
	7.3 Synthetic Fertilizers Damage Humans and Pets
	7.4 Costs
	7.5 Environmental Concerns
	7.6 Effects of Chemical Fertilizers on Soil
	7.7 Groundwater Pollution
	7.8 Soil Friability Effect
	7.9 Causes of Destruction of Microorganisms
	7.10 Effect of Fertilizers on Human Health
	7.11 Why Biofertilizers?
	7.12 Microbes as Biofertilizer
		7.12.1 Rhizobium
		7.12.2 Azospirillum
		7.12.3 Cyanobacteria
		7.12.4 Azolla
		7.12.5 Azotobacter
		7.12.6 Acetobacter
	7.13 Equipment Used in the Manufacture of Biofertilizer
	7.14 Mechanism of Action of Numerous Biofertilizers
		7.14.1 Mode of Action of Biofertilizer
		7.14.2 Application of Bio-Fertilizers
	7.15 Advantages of Synthetic Fertilizers
		7.15.1 Improve Soil Quality and Add Micronutrient Benefits to the Soil
		7.15.2 Organic Fertilizers Are Slow-Release
		7.15.3 They Are Not Toxic
		7.15.4 They Are Cheap
	7.16 Advantages of Using Biofertilizers
	7.17 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Role of Macrophytes in Spontaneous Lacustrine Phytofiltration
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Methods
	8.3 Macrophytes
		8.3.1 Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrot-Feather Watermilfoil)
		8.3.2 Salvinia natans (Floating-Moss or -Fern)
		8.3.3 Nelumbo nucifera (Asian Lotus)
		8.3.4 Ceratophyllum demersum (Hornwort or Coontail)
	8.4 Bioassays
		8.4.1 Photosynthetic Pigments
		8.4.2 Biomass, Productivity, NPP, Turnover and Growth Rate
		8.4.3 BCF, Removal Potential and Element Turnover
	8.5 Findings
	8.6 Discussion
	References
Chapter 9: Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Using Salix (Willows)
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Ecology of Salix alba
	9.3 Salix and Ecological Niches
	9.4 Land Reclamation
	9.5 Phytoremediation
	9.6 Phytoextraction
	9.7 Phytodegradation
	9.8 Rhizofiltration and Rhizostimulation
	9.9 Phytostabilization
	9.10 Salix alba and High Metal Biomagnifications
	9.11 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Photo Catalysis: An Effective Tool for Treatment of Dyes Contaminated Wastewater
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Photo Catalysis
	10.3 Mechanism of Photo Catalytic Degradation Reactions
		10.3.1 Direct Photo Catalytic Mechanism
		10.3.2 Indirect Photo Catalytic Mechanism
	10.4 Simultaneous Adsorption and Photo Catalysis
	References
Chapter 11: Removal of Dyes from Waste Water by Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Dyes
	11.2 Removal Methods
	11.3 Ultrafiltration Process
		11.3.1 Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration
		11.3.2 Selection of Surfactant for Removal of Dyes
	11.4 Experimental Procedure
	11.5 Types of Membrane
	11.6 Filtration Mode
	11.7 Ultrafiltration Study
	11.8 Removal of Dyes by MEUF
		11.8.1 Removal of Mordant Black 11
		11.8.2 Reactive Black 5
		11.8.3 Crystal Violet Dye
		11.8.4 Removal of Mordant Black 17
		11.8.5 Reactive Orange 16
		11.8.6 Removal of Methylene Blue
		11.8.7 Methyl Orange
		11.8.8 Removal of Eosin (Acid) Dye
		11.8.9 Removal of Safranin T
		11.8.10 Direct Black
		11.8.11 Eriochrome Blue Black R (EBBR)
		11.8.12 Alizarin Red S
	11.9 Factor Effecting MEUF
		11.9.1 Effect of pH
		11.9.2 Effect of Ionic Strength
		11.9.3 Effect of Electrolyte
		11.9.4 Effect of Trans-Membrane (TMP) or Operating Pressure
		11.9.5 Effect of Temperature
		11.9.6 Effect of the Nature of Surfactant
		11.9.7 Effect of Concentration of Surfactant
		11.9.8 Effect of Concentration of Dyes
		11.9.9 MEUF Using Mixed Micellization
		11.9.10 Effect of Coagulant Concentration
	11.10 Summary (in Tabulated Form)
	11.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Biofilm: An Innovative Modern Technology for Aquatic Pollution Remediation
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Benefits of Using Biofilms for Remediation of Pollutants
	12.3 Application of Biofilms for the Bioremediation of Aquatic Pollutants
		12.3.1 Biofilm Based Remediation of Heavy Metals
		12.3.2 Mechanism Behind Metal-Microbe Interaction
		12.3.3 Mechanism of Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) to Remediate Metal Pollutants
	12.4 Innovative Way of Surface Water Bioremediation by Biofilms Supported by Filamentous Bamboo
	12.5 Biofilm Based Remediation of Recalcitrant and Toxic Chemicals
	12.6 Biofilm Based Remediation of Plastic and Micro-Plastic Wastes
	12.7 Bioremediation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Aquatic Biofilms
	12.8 Biofilm Based Bioremediation of Synthetic Dyes from Water
	12.9 Application of Periphytic Biofilm in Quantification of Denitrification Rate in Water Bodies
	12.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Heavy Metal Soil Contamination and Bioremediation
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Heavy Metals: Their Origin
		13.2.1 Effects of Fertilizer Application
		13.2.2 Pesticides
		13.2.3 Natural Fertilizers: Manures and Biosolids
		13.2.4 Wastewater and Industrial Effluents
		13.2.5 Industrial Waste and Mining Activities
	13.3 Bioremediation
		13.3.1 Microbial Remediation
		13.3.2 Phytoremediation
		13.3.3 Natural Phytoextraction
	13.4 Combination Approach for the Remediation
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Recent Biotechnological Advancements for On-Site Cleaning
	14.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils
	14.4 Wastewater Treatment
		14.4.1 Molecular Techniques in Wastewater Treatment
	14.5 Microbial Enzymes in Bioremediation
		14.5.1 Microbial Oxidoreductase
		14.5.2 Microbial Dioxygenases
		14.5.3 Microbial Hydrolytic Enzymes
	14.6 Solid Waste Biotreatment
	14.7 Pollution Detection and Monitoring: Role of Environmental Biotechnology
		14.7.1 Bioindicators/Biomarkers
		14.7.2 Biosensors
	14.8 Biotechnology for Cleaner Production
		14.8.1 Pulp and Paper Industry
		14.8.2 Biopulping
		14.8.3 Bio-bleaching
	14.9 Bioplastics
	14.10 Biotechnology and Agriculture
	14.11 Chemicals and Biofuels
	14.12 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Global Environmental Regulations for Management of Pesticides
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Environmental Risk Assessment of Pesticides
	15.3 Pesticide Management Strategies
	15.4 Pesticide Ban
		15.4.1 Case Study of Pesticide Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
	15.5 Global Environmental Regulations for Pesticide Management
		15.5.1 Legal Penalty for Violating Environmental Regulations
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
		Web-Links
Index