Bioregulators for Pest Control

Title Page
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Half Title Page
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Copyright
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ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
1 Physiological Basis of Phloem Transport of Agrichemicals......Page 9
Physiological Basis of Phloem Translocation......Page 10
Agrichemical Transport......Page 16
Acknowledgment......Page 19
Literature Cited......Page 20
2 Interference by Herbicides with Photosynthetic Electron Transfer......Page 21
Herbicide Binding Experiments......Page 22
Photoaffinity Labeling of the Herbicide Binding Proteins......Page 24
Herbicide/Quinone Interactions......Page 28
An Azidoplastoquinone Photoaffinity Label......Page 29
The 34 kDa Herbicide Binding Protein: The Molecular Level......Page 30
Literature Cited......Page 33
3 New Approaches to Chemical Control of Plant Pathogens......Page 36
Second Generation Fungicides......Page 37
Third Generation Fungicides......Page 41
Resistance Mechanisms......Page 42
Conclusions......Page 44
Literature Cited......Page 45
Protection of Plants Against Pests......Page 47
Statement of Thesis......Page 50
Methods of Sensitization......Page 51
Non-specificity of Protection......Page 52
Dynamics of Induced Resistance......Page 54
Chemically Induced Resistance......Page 60
Summary......Page 63
Literature Cited......Page 64
5 Use of Subtoxic Herbicide Pretreatments to Improve Crop Tolerance to Herbicides......Page 69
Mode of Action of R-25788......Page 70
Increasing Crop Tolerance to Herbicides with Herbicide Pretreatments......Page 74
Effect of CDAA pretreatments on subsequent CDAA metabolism......Page 79
Effects of R-25788 and EPTC on the GSH/GSH-S-transferase System......Page 80
Literature Cited......Page 83
6 Regulation of Plant Growth and Development by Endogenous Hormones......Page 85
Auxins......Page 86
Gibberellins......Page 87
Cytokinins......Page 88
Abscisic Acid......Page 90
Anthesins......Page 91
Literature Cited......Page 92
7 Plant Bioregulators: Overview, Use, and Development......Page 94
What substances and what principles of action are available?......Page 95
How have plant bioregulators been used so far in crop production and where are they employed in particular?......Page 101
What factors will have a major influence on determining the development of new plant bioregulators and on opening up further possibilities for use in crop production?......Page 103
Literature Cited......Page 105
8 Effects of Allelopathic Chemicals on Crop Productivity......Page 107
Actions and Interactions of Allelochemicals......Page 110
Allelochemical Interference in Agricultural Fields......Page 113
Exploiting Allelopathy and Allelochemicals......Page 118
Conclusions......Page 122
Literature Cited......Page 123
9 Use of Transition-State Theory in the Development of Bioactive Molecules......Page 129
Transition State Theory......Page 130
Transition State Analogs (TSA)......Page 137
Application of TS Theory to Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides......Page 142
TSA as Inhibitors of Juvenile Hormone Esterase(s)......Page 143
Literature Cited......Page 152
10 Role of Mixed-Function Oxidases in Insect Growth and Development......Page 155
Xenobiotic Metabolism......Page 156
Role of Mixed-function Oxidases in Steroidogenic Reactions......Page 157
Steroidogenesis in Insects......Page 159
Juvenile Hormone......Page 165
Summary......Page 167
Literature Cited......Page 169
11 Inhibition of Reproduction in Insect Control......Page 171
Compounds that Interfere with the Development and/or Function of the Gonads......Page 172
Compounds that Prevent the Development of Progeny......Page 173
Literature Cited......Page 174
12 Potent Insect Antifeedants from the African Medicinal Plant Bersama abyssinica......Page 177
Structure of abyssinin......Page 179
Structure of Abyssinol A, B, and C......Page 187
Antifeedant Activity......Page 190
Literature Cited......Page 194
13 Cockroach Control with Juvenoids......Page 195
Assay for Comparative Activity......Page 196
Residue test on latex painted surface......Page 201
Persistence of hydroprene residues on various household surface substrates......Page 202
Vapor test......Page 204
Aquarium and chamber experiments......Page 205
Field Experiments......Page 206
Discussion......Page 208
Literature cited......Page 211
14 Some Chemical Ecological Approaches to the Control of Stored-Product Insects and Mites......Page 213
Control of Feeding Behavior......Page 214
Control of Mating Behavior......Page 216
Control of Oviposition Behavior......Page 217
Literature Cited......Page 218
15 Phytochemical Disruption of Insect Development and Behavior......Page 219
Insect Phytohormones......Page 220
Insect Phytophreromones......Page 224
Summary......Page 226
Literature Cited......Page 228
16 Proallatocidins......Page 231
Chemical Stabilization of Precocene Structures......Page 232
Modification of transport properties......Page 233
Chemical Studies of 3,4-epoxyprecocenes......Page 234
Acknowledgments......Page 236
Literature cited......Page 237
17 Propionate and Methyl Malonate Metabolism in Insects......Page 238
Sources of Propionate and Methylmalonate......Page 239
Metabolism of Propionate......Page 240
Summary......Page 244
Literature Cited......Page 245
18 Suicidal Destruction of Cytochrome P-450 In the Design of Inhibitors of Insect Juvenile Hormone Biosynthesis......Page 247
Materials and Methods......Page 250
Results......Page 251
Discussion......Page 255
Literature Cited......Page 257
19 Detoxification Enzyme Relationships in Arthropods of Differing Feeding Strategies......Page 259
Enzyme Associations with Herbivore Status......Page 260
Relevance of Detoxification Dissimilarities to In Vivo Toxicosis......Page 266
Literature Cited......Page 269
20 δ-Endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Broad-Spectrum Toxicity and Neural Response Elicited in Mice and Insects......Page 271
SDS-PAGE Analysis of BTK and BTI δ-Endotoxin......Page 272
δ-Endotoxin Toxicity in Mice and Insects......Page 273
Neural Toxicity of BTI δ-Endotoxin......Page 277
Conclusions......Page 282
Literature Cited......Page 283
21 Bioassay of Anti Juvenile Hormone Compounds: An Alternative Approach......Page 285
The Bioassay......Page 286
Discussion......Page 294
Literature Cited......Page 297
General ELISA Methodology......Page 299
Examples of Pesticide Immunoassays......Page 301
Paraquat......Page 302
Conclusions......Page 307
Literature Cited
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23 Role of Natural Product Chemistry......Page 312
Biorational Approaches......Page 313
Natural Products in Pest Control......Page 314
Economic Aspects......Page 315
Resistant Plants and Ecological Chemistry......Page 316
Natural Products as Leads to New Pesticides......Page 318
Behavioural Compounds......Page 320
Conclusion......Page 322
Literature Cited......Page 323
24 Do Plants "Psychomanipulate" Insects?......Page 325
The Psychomanipulation Scenario......Page 326
Action in the CNS of Plant-derived Compounds......Page 328
Candidate Psychomanipulants of Plant Origin......Page 331
Summary......Page 337
Literature Cited......Page 338
Uses of Attractants......Page 340
Tephritid Attractants......Page 342
Experimental Approach, Results, and Discussion......Page 345
Acknowledgements......Page 350
Literature Cited......Page 351
26 Beetles: Pheromonal Chemists par Excellence......Page 354
Scolytidae......Page 356
Curculionidae......Page 358
Scarabaeidae......Page 359
Chrysomelidae......Page 360
Other Families......Page 363
Literature Cited......Page 365
27 Sexual Messages of Moths: Chemical Themes Are Known and New Research Challenges Arise......Page 368
Literature Cited......Page 377
28 Alkaloidal Ant Venoms: Chemistry and Biological Activities......Page 379
Alkalodial Chemistry of Ant Venoms......Page 380
Pyrrolidines.......Page 381
Piperidines.......Page 382
Piperideines.......Page 385
Pyrazines.......Page 386
Insecticidal Activities.......Page 388
Repellent (Deterrent) Activities.......Page 390
Conclusions......Page 391
Literature Cited......Page 392
Control of reproduction......Page 395
Using hormones as insect growth regulators......Page 396
Ivermectin feeding studies......Page 400
Safety......Page 406
The need for integrated control programs......Page 407
Immunological methods......Page 408
Use of oils and allelochemicals......Page 412
Legend of Symbols......Page 413
Literature cited......Page 416
30 Insect Antifeedant Terpenoids in Wild Sunflower A Possible Source of Resistance to the Sunflower Moth......Page 419
Terpenoids from wild species of Helianthus......Page 420
Toxicity and antifeedant activity of Helianthus sesquiterpene lactones to sunflower insects......Page 421
Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae ) = the migratory grasshopper.......Page 424
Possible role of sesquiterpene lactones in resistance to the sunflower moth.......Page 427
Literature Cited......Page 429
31 Insect Feeding Deterrents from Semiarid and Arid Land Plants......Page 433
Sesquiterpene Lactones as Insect Feeding Deterrents......Page 434
Literature Cited......Page 438
32 Secondary Metabolites from Plants and Their Allelochemic Effects......Page 440
Literature Cited......Page 452
33 Insect Antifeedants from the Peruvian Plant Alchornea triplinervia......Page 454
Tobacco Budworm Larval Growth Bioassay......Page 455
Extraction of Alchornea triplinervia Leaves......Page 456
Tobacco Budworm Growth Study......Page 459
Conclusion......Page 460
Literature Cited......Page 461
34 Biotechnology in Crop Improvement......Page 462
Acknowledgments......Page 494
Literature Cited......Page 495
Insecticyanin......Page 496
Hemolymph Lipoprotein......Page 497
Adult Lipophorin......Page 503
Literature Cited......Page 506
Author Index......Page 507
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