Biopsychology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 22
About the Author......Page 24
 1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?......Page 26
  The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time......Page 28
  1.3 What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?......Page 29
  1.4 What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?......Page 33
  The Case of Mr. R., the Brain-Damaged Student Who Switched to Architecture......Page 34
  1.5 Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?......Page 37
  1.6 Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?......Page 38
  1.7 Critical Thinking about Biopsychological Claims......Page 39
  Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and Prefrontal Lobotomy......Page 40
  Themes Revisited......Page 42
  Quick Review......Page 43
 2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior......Page 45
  2.1 Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions......Page 46
  Case of the Chimps with Mirrors......Page 48
  2.2 Human Evolution......Page 49
  2.3 Fundamental Genetics......Page 60
  2.4 Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience......Page 68
  2.5 Genetics of Human Psychological Differences......Page 71
  Key Terms......Page 74
  Quick Review......Page 75
 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System......Page 76
  3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System......Page 77
  3.2 Cells of the Nervous System......Page 81
  3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions......Page 86
  3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain......Page 89
  3.6 Major Structures of the Brain......Page 90
  Think about It......Page 99
  Quick Review......Page 100
 4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals......Page 101
  The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson’s Disease......Page 102
  4.1 Resting Membrane Potential......Page 103
  4.3 Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials......Page 104
  4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials......Page 107
  4.5 Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons......Page 110
  4.6 Neurotransmitters......Page 117
  4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior......Page 119
  Think about It......Page 123
  Quick Review......Page 124
 5 The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do......Page 125
  The Ironic Case of Professor P.......Page 126
  5.1 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain......Page 127
  5.2 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity......Page 131
  5.3 Invasive Physiological Research Methods......Page 134
  5.4 Pharmacological Research Methods......Page 138
  5.5 Genetic Engineering......Page 140
  5.6 Neuropsychological Testing......Page 142
  5.7 Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 146
  5.8 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior......Page 147
  Think about It......Page 151
  Key Terms......Page 152
  Quick Review......Page 153
 6 The Visual System: How We See......Page 154
  The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer......Page 155
  6.1 Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina......Page 156
  6.2 Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals......Page 158
  6.3 From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex......Page 165
  6.4 Seeing Edges......Page 167
  6.5 Seeing Color......Page 172
  6.6 Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness......Page 176
  The Case of the Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear......Page 177
  The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight......Page 178
  The Case of A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw......Page 181
  Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia......Page 182
  Themes Revisited......Page 183
  Key Terms......Page 184
  Quick Review......Page 185
 7 Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention: How You Know the World......Page 186
  7.1 Principles of Sensory System Organization......Page 187
  The Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat......Page 188
  7.2 The Auditory System......Page 189
  7.3 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain......Page 196
  The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand......Page 200
  The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body......Page 201
  The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain......Page 202
  7.4 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste......Page 204
  7.5 Selective Attention......Page 209
  Think about It......Page 211
  Quick Review......Page 212
 8 The Sensorimotor System: How You Move......Page 213
  The Case of Rhonda, Dexterous Cashier......Page 214
  The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback......Page 215
  8.2 Sensorimotor Association Cortex......Page 216
  The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles......Page 217
  8.3 Secondary Motor Cortex......Page 219
  8.4 Primary Motor Cortex......Page 221
  Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind......Page 222
  8.5 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia......Page 223
  8.6 Descending Motor Pathways......Page 224
  8.7 Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits......Page 227
  8.8 Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning......Page 232
  Key Terms......Page 236
  Quick Review......Page 237
 9 Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You......Page 238
  9.1 Phases of Neurodevelopment......Page 239
  9.2 Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants......Page 246
  9.3 Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development of Neural Circuits......Page 248
  9.4 Neuroplasticity in Adults......Page 250
  The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock?......Page 252
  Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities Williams Syndrome......Page 253
  The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities......Page 254
  Epilogue......Page 255
  Quick Review......Page 256
 10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?......Page 258
  The Ironic Case of Professor P.......Page 259
  10.1 Causes of Brain Damage......Page 260
  The Case of Jerry Quarry, Ex-Boxer......Page 263
  10.2 Neurological Diseases......Page 265
  The Subtlety of Complex Partial Seizures: Two Cases......Page 266
  10.3 Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases......Page 271
  10.4 Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery......Page 272
  10.5 Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage......Page 277
  The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant......Page 278
  The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery......Page 281
  Think about It......Page 282
  Quick Review......Page 283
 11 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information......Page 284
  The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory......Page 285
  The Case of K.C., the Man Who Can’t Time Travel......Page 289
  The Case of R.B., Product of a Bungled Operation......Page 290
  11.2 Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome......Page 291
  11.4 Amnesia after Concussion: Evidence for Consolidation......Page 292
  11.5 Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus in Memory......Page 295
  11.6 Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory......Page 298
  11.7 Where Are Memories Stored?......Page 302
  The Case of the Cook Who Couldn’t......Page 304
  11.8 Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory......Page 305
  11.9 Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You......Page 309
  Think about It......Page 310
  Quick Review......Page 311
 12 Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?......Page 312
  12.1 Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization......Page 314
  12.2 Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives......Page 316
  12.3 Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat......Page 319
  12.4 Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety......Page 322
  12.5 Body Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points......Page 326
  12.6 Human Obesity: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments......Page 330
  12.7 Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa......Page 334
  Think about It......Page 337
  Quick Review......Page 338
 13 Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?......Page 339
  13.1 The Neuroendocrine System......Page 340
  13.2 Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body......Page 345
  13.3 Hormones and Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior......Page 349
  The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy......Page 353
  The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis......Page 354
  13.5 Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults......Page 355
  The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood......Page 356
  13.6 Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior......Page 359
  13.7 Sexual Orientation and Sexual Identity......Page 361
  Key Terms......Page 364
  Quick Review......Page 365
 14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?......Page 366
  The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep......Page 367
  14.1 Stages of Sleep......Page 368
  14.2 Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do?......Page 371
  14.3 Effects of Sleep Deprivation......Page 372
  The Case of Randy Gardner......Page 373
  14.4 Circadian Sleep Cycles......Page 377
  14.5 Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep......Page 380
  14.6 Drugs That Affect Sleep......Page 383
  Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia......Page 385
  14.8 Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction......Page 387
  Conclusion......Page 390
  Key Terms......Page 391
  Quick Review......Page 392
 15 Drug Addiction and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure......Page 393
  15.1 Basic Principles of Drug Action......Page 394
  15.2 Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance......Page 397
  15.3 Five Commonly Abused Drugs......Page 399
  15.4 Early Biopsychological Research on Addictions......Page 409
  15.5 Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction......Page 412
  The Case of Sigmund Freud......Page 415
  Think about It......Page 416
  Quick Review......Page 417
 16 Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and the Right Brain......Page 418
  16.1 Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction......Page 420
  16.2 The Split Brain......Page 422
  The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict......Page 427
  16.3 Differences between the Left and Right Hemispheres......Page 428
  16.4 Evolutionary Perspective of Cerebral Lateralization and Language......Page 432
  The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language......Page 433
  16.5 Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model......Page 435
  16.6 Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence......Page 437
  16.7 Cognitive Neuroscience of Language......Page 441
  16.8 Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia......Page 443
  Themes Revisited......Page 445
  Quick Review......Page 446
 17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion......Page 448
  The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage......Page 449
  A Human Case of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome......Page 452
  17.2 Fear, Defense, and Aggression......Page 456
  17.3 Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning......Page 458
  17.4 Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion......Page 460
  The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn’t Perceive Fear......Page 461
  17.5 Stress and Health......Page 463
  The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper......Page 468
  Think about It......Page 469
  Quick Review......Page 470
 18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged......Page 471
  The Case of Lena, the Catatonic Schizophrenic......Page 472
  18.2 Affective Disorders: Depression and Mania......Page 478
  The Case of P.S., the Weeping Widow......Page 479
  18.3 Anxiety Disorders......Page 484
  The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid to Go Out......Page 485
  The Case of R.G.—Barking Mad......Page 487
  The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette Syndrome......Page 489
  18.5 Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs......Page 490
  The Case of S.B., the Biopsychology Student Who Took Control......Page 493
  Think about It......Page 494
  Quick Review......Page 495
Epilogue......Page 496
Appendixes......Page 497
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References......Page 523
Credits......Page 558
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