Bioprospecting of Tropical Medicinal Plants

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Herbs Used by the Naga Tribes of Eastern Himalayas
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Collection and Identification
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Ethnomedicinal Use Reports of Seeds as Tapped from Herbal Vendors in North Maharashtra, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers in Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (GSWS) Tamil Nadu, India
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Paliyar Tribe
			1.2 Appearance and Habits of Paliyar
			1.2.1 Rituals and Religious Ceremonies
			1.2.2 Customs Related to Marriage
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Preservation of Plant Specimens
		2.4 Ailment Categories
		2.5 Data Analysis
			2.5.1 Informant Consensus Factor (Fic)
			2.5.2 Use Value (UV)
			2.5.3 Fidelity Level (FL)
			2.5.4 Relative Frequency Citation (RFC)
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Documentation of Indigenous Ethnomedicinal Knowledge
		3.2 Life Form and Parts Used
		3.3 Method of Preparation and Method of Administration of Plants
		3.4 Ingredients Added
		3.5 Plant-Use Value (UV)
		3.6 Informant Consensus Factor (Fic)
		3.7 Fidelity Level (FL)
		3.8 Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by Irula Tribal Settlement of Attappady in Palakkad District, Kerala, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Analysis of Collected Ethnobotanical Data
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Folk Medicine of Chittur Taluk in Palakkad District, Kerala, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Collection of Data
		2.3 Analysis of Data
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Checklist Flora of Sunderdhunga Valley, Western Himalaya, with Emphasis on Ethno-Medicinal Plants
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Area Under Study
		1.2 Significance of Sunderdhunga and Its Surrounding Areas
		1.3 Reasons for Undertaking the Present Work and Its Importance
		1.4 Objectives of the Study
		1.5 Past and Present Work
			1.5.1 Past Work
			1.5.2 Present Work
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Herbarium Study
		2.2 Topography and General Features
			2.2.1 Geology
			2.2.2 Rocks
			2.2.3 Soil
			2.2.4 Climate
			2.2.5 Rainfall
			2.2.6 Temperature
			2.2.7 Water Sources
			2.2.8 Winds
		2.3 Ethnic Groups
		2.4 Vegetation
			2.4.1 Floristic Diversity
	3 Results
		3.1 Ethno-Medicinal Plants
		3.2 EET Species
	4 Conclusion
	References
Phytomedicines Used in Respiratory Diseases by Traditional Healers of Lakhimpur and Dhemaji Districts of Assam, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Collection and Identification of Plants
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Understanding Phytomedicinal Gastronomic Culture of the Nagas in Nagaland, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Foodways as Phytomedicinal Medium
	3 Women’s Role in Shaping the Gastronomic Metonymic Itinerary
	4 Conclusion
	References
Medicinal Plants in the Indian Traditional Medicine and Current Practices
	1 Introduction
	2 Traditional Medicine Systems in the World
	3 Indian Traditional Medicine (ITM) System
		3.1 Ayurveda
		3.2 Siddha
		3.3 Unani
		3.4 Homeopathy
		3.5 Naturopathy
	4 Importance of AYUSH and the Medicinal Plants Used
		4.1 Medicinal Plants Used in Indian Traditional Medicine (ITM)
			4.1.1 Camellia sinensis
		4.2 Desmodium gangeticum
		4.3 Aloe barbadensis Miller
		4.4 Moringa oleifera
		4.5 Terminalia chebula
		4.6 Tinospora cordifolia
		4.7 Withania somnifera
		4.8 Bacopa monnieri
		4.9 Ginkgo biloba
		4.10 Asparagus racemosus
	5 Current Usage and Scenario of Indian Traditional Medicine System
	6 Scope and Future Prospects of Indian Traditional Medicine System
	7 Conclusion
	References
Conservation of RET Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Their Traditional Medicines and Current Practices in Indian Himalayan Region
	1 Introduction
		1.1 ISM
		1.2 ASM
		1.3 YNSM
		1.4 USM
		1.5 ISM
		1.6 HMS
		1.7 ESM
		1.8 SEM
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Uses of High-Altitude and Temperate Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Traditional Amchi Medicinal Practice in Trans-Himalaya of Nepal: Conservation and Bioprospecting
	1 Introduction
	2 Amchis Medicinal Practice
	3 Issues of Amchis Medicinal Practice in Nepal Himalaya
	4 Revitalizing Traditional Amchi Medicinal System
	5 The Cultural Construction of Efficacy
	6 Threat to Medicinal Plants
	7 Conservation Approach
	8 Bioprospecting
	9 Enabling Environment and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)
	10 Women in Conservation and Bioprospecting
	11 Conclusions
	References
		Website
Appraisal of Medicinal Plants Diversity Inhabited in Deserts Areas
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Medicinal Plants
		1.2 Desert Areas
		1.3 Ethnomedicine in Deserts of Pakistan
		1.4 Ethnobotanical Prospective in Pakistan
	2 Methods
		2.1 Data Documentation
		2.2 Validation of Data Through Literature
		2.3 Quantitative Analysis
			2.3.1 Relative Frequency Citation Percentage (RFC)
			2.3.2 Informants Consensus Factor (ICF)
			2.3.3 Cultural Value Index
			2.3.4 Cultural Importance (CI)
	3 Results
		3.1 Informants Demography
		3.2 Medicinal Plant Diversity
		3.3 Parts of Plants Used for Herbal Medicine
		3.4 Mode of Utilization of Herbal Medicine
		3.5 Use Reports and Aliments Treated
		3.6 Quantitative Analysis
			3.6.1 Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Cultural Index (CI)
			3.6.2 Informant Consensus Factor
			3.6.3 Cultural Value
		3.7 Study Limitations
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bush Medicinal Plants of the Australian Wet Tropics and Their Biodiscovery Potential
	1 Introduction
	2 Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Individual Medicinal Plant Grouped by Disease Categories
		2.1 Narcotics and Painkillers
			2.1.1 Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Reissek ex Benth. (Rhamnaceae)
			2.1.2 Clerodendrum floribundum R.Br. (Lamiaceae) (Fig. 3a)
			2.1.3 Cymbopogon bombycinus (R.Br) Domain (Poaceae)
			2.1.4 Ehretia saligna R.Br. (Boraginaceae)
			2.1.5 Excoecaria parvifolia Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) (Fig. 3b)
			2.1.6 Pandanus spiralis R.Br. (Pandanaceae)
			2.1.7 Pteridium esculentum (G. Frost.) Cockayne (Dennstaedtiaceae)
			2.1.8 Rhaphidophora australasica F.M.Bailey (Araceae)
			2.1.9 Zieria smithii Jacks. (Rutaceae)
		2.2 Headaches, Colds, and Fevers
			2.2.1 Calamus caryotoides A.Cum. Ex Mart. (Arecaceae)
			2.2.2 Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Black (Myrtaceae)
			2.2.3 Tephrosia varians (Bailey) C.T.White (Fabaceae)
		2.3 Digestive and Bowel Disorders
			2.3.1 Canarium australianum F.Muell. (Burseraceae) (Fig. 3c)
			2.3.2 Cymbidium madidum Lindl. (Orchidaceae)
		2.4 Antiseptics and Bactericides
			2.4.1 Ajuga australis R.Br. (Lamiaceae)
			2.4.2 Brachychiton diversifolius R.Br. (Malvaceae)
			2.4.3 Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F.Muell.) Baill. (Fabaceae) (Fig. 3d)
			2.4.4 Persoonia falcata R.Br. (Proteaceae)
		2.5 Skin Disorders
			2.5.1 Acacia falcata Willd. (Leguminosae)
		2.6 Anti-inflammatory or Wound-Healing Plants
			2.6.1 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Compositae)
			2.6.2 Cynanchum viminale subsp. australe (P.I.Forst.) Liede & Meve (Apocynaceae)
			2.6.3 Dodonaea polyandra Merr. & L.M.Perry (Sapindaceae)
				Flagellaria indica L. (Flagellariaceae) (Fig. 3e)
			2.6.4 Grevillea coriacea McGill (Proteaceae)
			2.6.5 Grevillea striata R.Br. (Proteaceae)
			2.6.6 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) (Fig. 3f)
			2.6.7 Melaleuca leucadendra L. (Myrtaceae)
			2.6.8 Pterocaulon serrulatum (Montrouz.) Guillaumin (Compositae)
			2.6.9 Sterculia quadrifida R.Br. (Malvaceae)
		2.7 Miscellaneous
			2.7.1 Doryphora aromatica (F.M.Bailey) L.S.Sm. (Atherospermataceae)
	3 Scope for Drug Discovery from Wet Tropics
	4 Conclusion
	References
Trillium govanianum – A Promising Endemic Medicinal Herb of the Himalaya
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Botany
		2.2 Biogeography
		2.3 Phenology and Life Cycle
		2.4 In Vitro Regeneration
		2.5 Ethnomedicinal Uses
		2.6 Phytochemistry
		2.7 Pharmacology
			2.7.1 Antibacterial Activity
			2.7.2 Antifungal Activity
			2.7.3 Anticancer Activity
			2.7.4 Antifertility Activity and Contraceptive Potential
			2.7.5 Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities
			2.7.6 Free Radical Scavenging Activity
			2.7.7 β-Glucuronidase Inhibiting Activity
			2.7.8 Anti-leishmanial Activity
			2.7.9 Cytotoxic Activity
			2.7.10 Protein Kinase Inhibitory Activity
	3 Conclusions
	References
Comprehensive Review on Wild Basil Genus Orthosiphon of Lamiaceae
	1 Introduction
	2 Traditional Health Benefits
	3 Phytochemical Constituents
		3.1 Essential Oil
			3.1.1 Structural Properties of Essential Oil
		3.2 GC-MS Phytochemical Profile
			3.2.1 Structural Activity of Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbon
		3.3 Bioactive Flavonoid Compounds of O. stamineus
			3.3.1 Properties of Sinensetin and Eupatorin
			3.3.2 Structural Properties of Major Terpenes of Orthosiphon pallidus
	4 Problems Encountered and Future Directions
	5 Conclusion and Comments
	References
Zingiberaceae Plants: A Cornucopia of Promising Chemotherapeuticals for Cancer Cure
	1 Introduction
	2 Zingiberaceae
	3 Phytochemistry of Zingiberaceae
	4 Anticancer Activities Reported from Different Genera of Zingiberaceae Family
		4.1 Genus Alpinia Roxb.
		4.2 Genus Amomum Roxb.
		4.3 Genus Kaempferia L.
		4.4 Genus Curcuma L.
		4.5 Genus Zingiber Boehmer
		4.6 Other Zingiberaceae Plants with Anticancer Potential
	5 Conclusion
	References
Moringa oleifera Accessions: Perspectives and Application as Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicines
	1 Introduction
	2 Ethnobotany and Phytochemistry of Moringa oleifera
	3 Phytomedicinal Property of Moringa oleifera
		3.1 Moringa oleifera as Potent Antioxidant Agent
		3.2 Moringa oleifera as Antihypertensive Agent
		3.3 Antispasmodic and Hepatoprotective Behaviour of Moringa oleifera
		3.4 Moringa oleifera as Antidepressant and Neuroprotective Agent
		3.5 Moringa oleifera as Antimicrobial Agents
		3.6 Moringa oleifera as Anticancer Agents
		3.7 Moringa oleifera as Antidiabetic Agent
		3.8 Moringa oleifera as Anti-asthmatic Agent
		3.9 Moringa oleifera as Antiviral Agents
		3.10 Moringa oleifera as Wound-Healing Agent
	4 Nutraceutical/Cosmo-Nutraceutical Value of Moringa oleifera
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Overview of Ethnobotany, Phytochemicals, and Pharmacological Properties of Ficus Species
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Importance of Herbal Drugs
	3 The Family Moraceae
	4 Genus Ficus
		4.1 Ethnobotanical Studies of Ficus Species
		4.2 Phytochemistry of Ficus Species
			4.2.1 Steroids
			4.2.2 Alkaloids
			4.2.3 Coumarins
			4.2.4 Flavonoids
			4.2.5 Triterpenoids
			4.2.6 Miscellaneous
		4.3 Pharmaceutical Activities of Ficus Species
			4.3.1 Analgesic Activity
			4.3.2 Anticancer Activity
			4.3.3 Antiulcer Activity
			4.3.4 Antioxidant Activity
			4.3.5 Antidiabetic Activity
			4.3.6 Skin Diseases
			4.3.7 Hepatoprotective Activity
			4.3.8 Anthelmintic Activity
			4.3.9 Anti-inflammatory Activity
			4.3.10 Immunomodulatory Activity
			4.3.11 Other Pharmacological Activities
	5 Significance of Ficus Species
	6 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	References
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don and Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytochemistry
		2.1 The Biosynthetic Pathway of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids
		2.2 Isolation of Bioactive Alkaloids
	3 Pharmacological Activities
		3.1 Chemotherapy
		3.2 Antihypertensive Therapy
		3.3 Antipsychotic Activity
		3.4 Cardiovascular Diseases
		3.5 Psoriasis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Resilience Activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in Relation to Cancer: Chemistry and Mechanism
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytochemistry/Chemistry
		2.1 Glycyrrhizin
		2.2 Liquorice
	3 Pharmacological Properties
		3.1 Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects
		3.2 Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Effects
		3.3 Neuromodulatory Effects (Memory Antidepressant and Sedative)
	4 Anti-cancer Activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra
	5 Mechanism
		5.1 Isoliquiritigenin
		5.2 Isoangustone A
		5.3 Licochalcone
	6 Conclusion
	References
Strobilanthes: A Plethora of Phytomedicine
	1 Introduction
	2 Medicinal Use of Strobilanthes
	3 Phytochemical Constituents
	4 Bioactivities
		4.1 Antioxidant Activity
		4.2 Antidiabetic Activity
		4.3 Antimicrobial Activity
		4.4 Antiproliferative Activity
	5 Conclusion
	References
Annonaceae: Tropical Medicinal Plants with Potential Anticancer Acetogenins and Alkaloids
	1 Introduction
	2 Annonaceae Plant Species: A Focus on its Anticancer Studies
	3 Taxonomy of Major Plant Species from Annonacea
	4 Conclusions
	References
Biocolorant from Anisochilus carnosus: A Natural Food Preservative
	1 Introduction
	2 Results
	3 Methods
		3.1 Sample Collection
		3.2 Preparation of Extracts
		3.3 Total Phenolics
		3.4 Total Flavonoids
		3.5 Ultraviolet/Visible Spectral Measurement
		3.6 Thin Layer Chromatography Separation
		3.7 FTIR analysis of  A. carnosus Extract
		3.8 DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
		3.9 Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
		3.10 Test Pathogens
		3.11 Antibacterial Activity by Agar Well Diffusion Method
		3.12 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of A. carnosus Flower Extract
		3.13 Storage Study
		3.14 Statistical Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Therapeutic Properties of Nardostachys jatamansi and Its Applications in Post-Chemotherapy-Induced Hair Loss in Cancer Patients
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Botanical Profile of Nardostachys jatamansi
	2 Hair Follicle Anatomy
		2.1 Molecular Pathways and Structural Hair Alterations Associated With CIA
	3 Trichoscopy
		3.1 Apoptotic Pathways
		3.2 Proliferation of Keratinocytes
		3.3 Hair Growth Studies on the Rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi DC
	4 Methods of Prevention of CIA in Cancer Patients
		4.1 Trichoscopy
		4.2 Aid of Trichoscopy
		4.3 Scalp Cooling Caps
		4.4 Effect of Scalp Cooling Caps
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Phitotherapeutic Potential of Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz)
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Cyanogenic Compounds in Cultivated Plants
		1.2 Information About Cyanogenic Compounds
			1.2.1 Cassava Cyanogenic Compounds
			1.2.2 Mechanism of Intoxication and Lethal Dose of Linamarin
		1.3 Sublethal Dose Effect
		1.4 Presence of Linamarin in Processed Cassava-Based Foods
	2 Cassava Phenolic Compounds
		2.1 Phenolics Present in Cassava Roots, Stalks, and Leaves
		2.2 Anticancer Properties of Phenolic Compounds
	3 Dietary Fiber
	4 Final Considerations
	References
Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Studies of Indian Cinnamomum Schaeff
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytochemicals Reported in Cinnamomum spp.
	3 Pharmacological Activity of Cinnamomum spp.
		3.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Phytocompounds of Cinnamomum spp.
		3.2 Antioxidant Activity of Phytocompounds of Cinnamomum spp.
		3.3 Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Activity of Phytocompounds of Cinnamomum spp.
		3.4 Wound Healing Activity of Phytocompounds of Cinnamomum spp.
	4 Conclusion
	References
Medicinal Properties and Population Studies on Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn.
	1 Introduction
	2 Family Icacinaceae
	3 Sarcostigma Kleinii
	4 Sarcostigma kleinii: Geographic Distribution
	5 Taxonomic Description of the Plant
	6 Phytochemical Constituents
	7 Medicinal Properties
	8 Phylogenetic Studies
	9 Conclusion
	References
RETRACTED CHAPTER: The Utility of Natural Mucilage from the Medicinal Plant, ‘Patha’ (Cyclea peltata) as an Alternative for Solidifying Agent in Cell Growth Media
Secondary Metabolites in Ophiorrhiza brunonis Wight & Arn. (Rubiaceae): A Lead Towards Its Anticancer Potential
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Plant Materials Used
		2.2 Chemicals Used
		2.3 Equipments Used
	3 Methods
		3.1 Preparation of the Extract
		3.2 Qualitative Phytochemical Analyses
			3.2.1 Test for Phenols
				Ferric Chloride Test
			3.2.2 Test for Flavonoids
				Lead Acetate Test
			3.2.3 Test for Alkaloids
				Wagner’s Test
				Hager’s Test
			3.2.4 Test for Phytosterols
				Sulphuric Acid Test
			3.2.5 Test for Terpenoids
				Salkowski Test
			3.2.6 Test for Tannins
				Lead Acetate Test
			3.2.7 Test for Phlobatannins
				Precipitation Test
			3.2.8 Test for Anthraquinones
				Borntrager’s Test
			3.2.9 Test for Coumarins
				Ferric Chloride Test
			3.2.10 Test for Glycosides
				Legal’s Test
		3.3 Quantitative Estimation of Major Phytoconstituents
			3.3.1 Total Phenolic Content (TP)
			3.3.2 Total Flavonoid Content (TF)
			3.3.3 Total Terpenoid Content (TT)
			3.3.4 Total Alkaloid Content (TA)
		3.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) Analysis
		3.5 Identification of Compounds
		3.6 Statistical Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Qualitative Phytochemical Analyses
		4.2 Quantitative Estimation of Major Phytoconstituents
		4.3 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) Analysis
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Marine Macroalgae as a Treasure House of Bioactive Compounds and Nutraceuticals
	1 Introduction
	2 Diversity and Classification of Marine Macroalgae
	3 Ethanapharmacology of Marine Macroalgae
	4 Marine Macroalgae as Valuable Bioresources of Pharmacologically Active Metabolites and Functional Food Products
	5 Therapeutic Applications of Marine Macroalgae
	6 Chemical Compounds from Marine Macroalgae
		6.1 Terpenoids
		6.2 Lipidic Compounds
		6.3 Polysaccharides
		6.4 Polyketide Derivatives
		6.5 Polyphenolic Compounds
	7 Various Classes of Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Turbinaria sp
		7.1 Miscellaneous
	8 Nutraceuticals from Marine Macroalgae
	9 Conclusions
	References
Plant Metabolites as New Leads to Herbal Drug Discovery: Approaches and Challenges
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Drugs from Natural Sources
	2 Approaches of Development of Drug from Plant Species
		2.1 Identification of Candidate Plant Species
			2.1.1 The Traditional Medical System’s Approach
			2.1.2 Ethno-Pharmacology Approach
			2.1.3 Zoo Pharmacology Approach
		2.2 Screening of Compounds with Therapeutic Use
			2.2.1 Parallel Approach
			2.2.2 Step-by-Step Approach
	3 Techniques for Characterisation of Isolated Extract
		3.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
		3.2 Gas Chromatography
		3.3 Spectroscopic Techniques
			3.3.1 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
			3.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
			3.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
			3.3.4 Mass Spectroscopy
	4 Case Study of Herbal Molecules Developed as Anti-cancer Drugs
	5 Challenges and a Plan to Overcome Them
		5.1 Plant Extracts Are Incompatible with High-Throughput Screening (HTS)
		5.2 Demand Factor
		5.3 Increasing Rarity
		5.4 Threat of Extinction
		5.5 Cultivation of Medical Crops
		5.6 Bio-piracy
	6 Scenario Currently Now
	7 Conclusion
	References
Biochanin A Chemistry, Structural Modifications, and Therapeutic Applications: An Update
	1 Introduction to Natural Products
	2 Natural Sources of Biochanin A
	3 Chemistry of Biochanin A
	4 Structural Modifications of Biochanin A
	5 Pharmacological Activities of Biochanin A
		5.1 Antihyperglycemic Effect
		5.2 Osteogenic Effect
		5.3 Gastroprotective Effect
		5.4 Neuroprotective Activity
		5.5 Anticancer Activity of Biochanin A
		5.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Biochanin A
		5.7 Antimicrobial Activity of Biochanin A
		5.8 Hepatoprotective Activity of Biochanin A
	6 Conclusion
	References
Dietary Natural Polyphenols Against Bacterial and Fungal Infections: An Emerging Gravity in Health Care and Food Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Sources of Polyphenols
		1.2 Role in Antimicrobial Activity
		1.3 Potential Use in Food Industry
	2 Sources of Dietary Polyphenols
		2.1 Chemistry and Classification of Polyphenols
		2.2 Microbial Sources
		2.3 Biosynthesis and Metabolic Engineering for Production of Polyphenols
	3 Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols
		3.1 Antibacterial Activity
		3.2 Anti-candidal Activity
	4 Polyphenolic Antibacterial for Food Preservation
		4.1 Food Preservative Potential
		4.2 Food Packaging Potential
		4.3 Challenges in the Application to Food Industry
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Phyto-Constituents as Potential Leads for the Development of Novel Antiepileptic Drugs
	1 Introduction: Etiology, Symptoms, and Classification of Epilepsy
	2 Pharmacological Therapy of Epilepsy
	3 Worldwide Condition
	4 The Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
	5 Problems Associated with the Use of Existing AEDs
		5.1 Developmental Problem with Intrauterine Antiepileptic Exposure
		5.2 Enzyme Induction with Antiepileptic Drugs
		5.3 Liver Enzymes Affected by Antiepileptic Drug
		5.4 Antiepileptic Drugs’ Effect on Growth and Bone Metabolism
		5.5 Visual Performance Affected by Antiepileptic Drugs
		5.6 CNS Adverse Effects
			5.6.1 Cognitive Effects
			5.6.2 Psychiatric Effects
		5.7 General Medical Effects
		5.8 Hypersensitivity
		5.9 Paediatric Issues
	6 The Herbal Remedies for Epilepsy
	7 Molecular Targets for Antiepileptic Drugs
		7.1 Receptors as AED Targets
			7.1.1 Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
				Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
				Voltage-Gated Ca+ Channels
				Voltage-Gated K + Channels
				HCN Channels
				Voltage-Gated Chloride Channels (ClC)
			7.1.2 Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
				GABAA Receptors
				Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors
				Glycine Receptors
				Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
					NMDA Receptors
					AMPA Receptors
			7.1.3 Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs)
			7.1.4 G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
				Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
				GABAB Receptors
		7.2 Enzymes as AED Targets
			7.2.1 GABA-Transaminase
			7.2.2 Carbonic Anhydrase
	8 Computational Approach Towards Development of New AEDs from Herbal Sources
		8.1 Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD)
		8.2 Ligand-Based Drug Design (LBDD)
	9 Conclusion and Perspective
	References
Role of Polyphenols in Cardiovascular Diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Risk Factors for CVD
		2.1 Diabetes
		2.2 Cholesterol
		2.3 Smoking
	3 Phenolics in CVD
	4 Flavonoids
	5 Stilbene in CVD
	6 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Steam Distillation: Principle and Applications for the Extraction of Essential Oils from Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 Distillation
	3 Brief History
		3.1 Steam Distillation
		3.2 Principle
		3.3 Microwave-Assisted Steam Distillation
	4 Future Aspects
	References
Key Factors Influencing Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Efficiency in Plants: A Case Study
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Agrobacterium: A Natural Plant Genetic Engineer
	37.3 Ti Plasmid: Role and Importance
	37.4 T-DNA Transcription
	37.5 Coding Properties of T-DNA
	37.6 T-DNA Transfer and Integration
	37.7 Factors Influencing Agrobacterium Transformation Efficiency
	37.8 Hijacking of Plant Signals and Structures by Agrobacterium
	37.9 Genetic Engineering of Plants
	37.10 Expanded Host Range
	37.11 T-DNA in Untransformed Plants
	37.12 Concluding Comments
	References
Evaluation of Medicinal Plant with Reference to Its Substitute
	1 Introduction
	2 Plant Description
		2.1 Valeriana wallichii
		2.2 Description
		2.3 Valeriana officinalis
		2.4 Description
	3 Review of Literature
		3.1 Valerianaceae
		3.2 Valeriana wallichii
		3.3 Valeriana officinalis
	4 Phytochemistry
	5 Total Phenol, Flavonoid, and Tannin Content
	6 Chromatographic Analysis
	7 Antioxidant Activity
	8 Anxiolytic Effects
	9 Materials and Methods
		9.1 Plant Materials
		9.2 Methods
			9.2.1 Collection of Plant Materials
			9.2.2 Processing of Plant Materials
			9.2.3 Preparation of Extracts
	10 To Compare the Distinguishing Characteristics of the Sample Macroscopical Analysis
		10.1 Microscopical Analysis
			10.1.1 Powder Microscopy
			10.1.2 Anatomical Analysis [43]
		10.2 Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis
		10.3 Physicochemical Analysis
	11 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) Profiling [23]
	12 High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
		12.1 Terpenoids
	13 Total Phenol Content [13]
	14 DPPH Antioxidant Assay
	15 Results
		15.1 Macroscopical Analysis
			15.1.1 Valeriana wallichii DC
			15.1.2 Valeriana officinalis L
		15.2 Microscopical Analysis
			15.2.1 Powder Microscopy
				Valeriana wallichii DC
				Valeriana officinalis L.
		15.3 Anatomical Analysis
			15.3.1 Valeriana wallichii DC
			15.3.2 Rhizome
			15.3.3 Valeriana officinalis L.
	16 Phytochemical Evaluation
		16.1 High-Pressure Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) Profiling
		16.2 Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
			16.2.1 Properties (Fig. 3)
	17 Discussion
		17.1 Comparative Evaluation of Valeriana wallichii and Valeriana officinalis
			17.1.1 Macroscopic Analysis
			17.1.2 Microscopic Analysis
			17.1.3 Phytochemical Analysis
			17.1.4 Physicochemical Analysis
			17.1.5 Chromatographical Analysis
				Thin-Layer Chromatography
				HPTLC
	18 Antioxidant Activity
	19 Summary
	References
Biotechnology: Production of Natural Bioactive Compounds from Leguminous Plants and Disease Management
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Leguminous Seeds
		1.2 Bioactive Compounds in Legume Seeds
	2 Nutritional and Antinutritional Components of Legume Seeds
		2.1 Compounds Derived from Phenols
			2.1.1 Tannins
			2.1.2 Flavonoids
			2.1.3 Isoflavones
			2.1.4 Phytic Acid
			2.1.5 Saponins
			2.1.6 Lectin
			2.1.7 Protein
			2.1.8 Fibre
			2.1.9 Phytic Acid
			2.1.10 Minerals and Vitamins
			2.1.11 Photochemical in Legumes
			2.1.12 Legume Fibres
			2.1.13 Antioxidant Activity
			2.1.14 Antinutritional Components (ANC)
				Legume Plants with Potential Nutraceutical Properties
			2.1.15 Soybean, Black (Glycine max L.)
			2.1.16 Pigeon Pea
			2.1.17 Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum)
			2.1.18 Kidney Bean (Phaseolus sp.)
				Nutritional Value of Leguminous Plant
	3 Biotechnological Approach: Production of Bioactive Components
		3.1 Iron Fortification of Food
		3.2 Biofortification
	4 Disease Management
	5 Conclusion
	References
Novel Eco-Friendly Method of Extraction for Fixed Oils Using Solvent Action of Solid Solubilizers
	1 Introduction
	2 Techniques to Enhance the Solubility of Drug
		2.1 Mixed Solvency Concept
			2.1.1 Advantages of Mixed Solvency Concept
	3 Extraction
		3.1 Organic Solvents Used for Extraction
			3.1.1 Drawbacks of Organic Solvents
	4 Materials and Methods Used
		4.1 Procedure of Determination of Solubility of Sesame Oil
			4.1.1 Approximate Solubility of Sesame Oil in Melted Thymol (Temperature About 50 °C)
			4.1.2 Approximate Solubility of Sesame Oil in Melted Menthol (at About 45 °C)
			4.1.3 Approximate Solubility of Sesame Oil in a Solution Containing 50% w/v Thymol in Ethanol
			4.1.4 Approximate Solubility of Sesame Oil in a Solution Containing 50% w/v Menthol in Ethanol
			4.1.5 Approximate Solubility of Sesame Oil in a Solution Containing 25% w/v Thymol and 25% w/v Menthol in Ethanol
			4.1.6 Approximate Solubility of Sesame Oil in a Eutectic Mixture of Thymol and Menthol in 1:1 Ratio (M-T-1:1)
		4.2 Removability of Solids by Heating
		4.3 Extraction Methods
			4.3.1 Extraction of Sesame Oil from Powdered Sesame Seeds with Melted Thymol (Temperature About 50 °C)
			4.3.2 Extraction of Sesame Oil from Powdered Sesame Seeds with a Solution Containing 50% w/v Thymol in Ethanol
			4.3.3 Extraction of Sesame Oil from Powdered Sesame Seeds with Melted Menthol (Temperature About 45 °C)
			4.3.4 Extraction of Sesame Oil from Powdered Sesame Seeds with a Solution Containing 50% w/v Menthol in Ethanol
			4.3.5 Extraction of Sesame Oil from Powdered Sesame Seeds with a Solution Containing 25% w/v Thymol and 25% w/v Menthol in Ethanol
			4.3.6 Extraction of Sesame Oil from Powdered Sesame Seeds with a Eutectic Liquid of Menthol and Thymol in 1:1 Ratio
			4.3.7 Extraction of Sesame Oil from Powdered Sesame Seeds with Hexane
	5 Result and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Conservation Attempts of Woody Medicinal Plants of India by Biotechnological Tools
	1 Introduction
	2 Effect of Various Sterilant on Various Explants of Shoot, Node, Leaves, and Seeds
	3 Effect on Various Media on In Vitro Shoot Multiplication
	4 Effect on Various Hormones or PGRs
	5 Hardening
	6 Restoration to the Field
	7 Conclusion
	References
Conservation of Endangered Medicinal Plants by In Vitro Propagation Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Medicinal Plants: A Valuable Source of Herbal Products
	3 Endangered Medicinal Plants and Their Conservation
	4 In Vitro Propagation of Various Endangered Medicinal Plants with Pharmacological Properties
		4.1 Seed Culture
		4.2 Embryo Culture
		4.3 Callus Culture
		4.4 Shoot Tip/Apical Meristem Culture
		4.5 Protoplast Culture
		4.6 Bud Culture
		4.7 Somatic Embryogenesis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Biotechnology to Produce Plant-Derived Biologically Important Compounds
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Plants as Source of Bioactive Compounds
		1.2 Commercially Important Plant Metabolites
		1.3 Benefits of Using Plant Secondary Metabolites
		1.4 Strategies for Improving Production or Secondary Metabolites
		1.5 Approaches for Producing Bioactive Chemicals via Genetic Engineering
		1.6 Biotechnology and Bioactive Compound Production, as Well as Molecular Biotechnology Techniques
		1.7 Current and Future Perspectives
	References
Appraisal of Medicinal Plants for Pharmacological Properties
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Medicinal Plants: What Are the Major Concerns and Differences from Other Crop and Non-crop Plants?
		1.2 What Are the Major Families of Medicinal Plants?
		1.3 Global Status of Medicinal Plants: All Are Wild-Collected, Cultivated, or Both?
		1.4 Secondary Metabolites: Species-Specific Remarkable Metabolites
		1.5 Roles of Secondary Metabolites in Combating Diseases
		1.6 Pharmacological Effects: Sensu Lato
		1.7 Pharmacology
		1.8 Powerful Analysis of Relevant Studies: VOSviewer Software for Reducing Dimension and Revealing Core Points of the Medicinal Plant Studies
	2 Future of Medicinal Plants and Pharmacological Effects
	3 Conclusions
	References
Pharmacological Properties and Tissue Culture Method of Endangered Medicinal Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 Seed Propagation
		2.1 Effect of Fruiting Rate on Seed Reproduction of Rare and Endangered Plants
		2.2 Effect of Breaking Dormancy on Plant Seed Reproduction
		2.3 Effect of Germination Inhibitors on Plant Seed Reproduction
	3 Graft Propagation
	4 Cutting Propagation
	5 Tissue Culture Fast Propagation
	6 Protection of Rare and Endangered Medicinal Plants
		6.1 In Situ Conservation
		6.2 Ex Situ Conservations
	7 Conclusion
	References
Natural Compounds with Pharmacological Properties in Clinical Trials
	1 Introduction
	2 Curcumin
	3 Ginger
	4 Sumac
	5 Lemon Balm
	6 Cinnamon
	7 Rheum Ribes
	8 Urtica Dioica
	9 Conclusions
	References
Phytopharmacological Aspects of the Genus Terminalia
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytochemical Aspects
		2.1 Major Classes of Compounds and Chemical Constituents of Species of Terminalia
	3 Pharmacological Activities
		3.1 Antioxidant Activity
		3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
		3.3 Antiproliferative Activity
		3.4 Anti-inflammatory Activity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Anticancer Potential of Plant-Derived Compounds: An Overview of Their Epigenetic Mode of Action
	1 Introduction
	2 Epigenetic Mechanisms Involved in the Commencement of Cancer
		2.1 DNA Methylation
		2.2 Histone Modifications
		2.3 Noncoding RNAs
		2.4 Polycomb Group Proteins
		2.5 Cell Cycle Regulator Molecules
		2.6 Akt/PKB Signaling Pathway
	3 Modern Approaches for Cancer Treatment: Challenges and Future Implications
		3.1 Epigenetic Cancer Profiling and Specificity of Epidrugs
		3.2 Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
		3.3 The Nutrient Strategy
	4 Conclusion
	References
Treatment of Cancer Using Combination of Herbal and Novel Drug Delivery System
	1 Introduction
	2 Applications of Nanotechnology
		2.1 Classification of Nanoparticles
			2.1.1 One-Dimension Nanoparticles
			2.1.2 Two-Dimension Nanoparticles
			2.1.3 Three-Dimension Nanoparticles
		2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
	3 Preparation of Nanoparticles
		3.1 Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method
		3.2 Salting- Out Method
		3.3 Emulsion-Diffusion Method
		3.4 Solvent Displacement/Precipitation Method
	4 Characterization of Nanoparticles
		4.1 Particle Size
		4.2 Surface Charge
		4.3 Surface Hydrophobicity
	5 There are Numerous Features that Nanotechnology are Researching for Cancer Treatment Grounds, as Following [37]
	6 Nanotechnology and Targeted Drug Delivery
	7 Mechanisms of Drug Release
	8 Nanomedicine and New Drug Therapies for Cancer
	9 Requirements for an Effective and Safe Cancer Drug
	References
Anti-inflammatory Potential of Lead Compounds and Their Derivatives from Medicinal Plants
	1 Introduction
	2 Inflammatory Diseases
		2.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		2.2 Dermal Inflammatory Disease
		2.3 Neural Inflammatory Disease
		2.4 Dental Inflammatory Disease
		2.5 Renal Inflammatory Disease
		2.6 Respiratory Inflammatory Disease
	3 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
		3.1 Mechanism of Action
		3.2 NSAIDs in Current Use
		3.3 Disadvantages of NSAIDs
	4 Anti-inflammatory Potential of Plants
		4.1 Advantages of Plant Lead Compounds Over NSAIDS
	5 Medicinal Plants with Anti-inflammatory Potential
		5.1 Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae)
		5.2 Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Guttiferae)
		5.3 Harpagophytum procumbens (Pedaliaceae)
		5.4 Phyllanthus polyphyllus Linn. (Euphorbiaceae)
		5.5 Rosa canina (Rosaceae)
		5.6 Olea europaea (Oleaceae)
		5.7 Ambrosia psilostachya (Asteraceae)
		5.8 Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae)
		5.9 Bischofia javanica (Phyllanthaceae)
		5.10 Caesalpinia digyna (Fabaceae)
		5.11 Sphenocentrum jollyanum (Menispermaceae)
		5.12 Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae)
		5.13 Piper nigrum (Piperaceae)
		5.14 Terminalia bellirica (Combretaceae)
	6 Classes of Phytochemicals and Their Lead Compounds
		6.1 Alkaloids
		6.2 Terpenoids
		6.3 Polyphenols
	7 Conclusion
	References
Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment Using Natural Foods: A Overview
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Foods as Medicine in Treating the Disease
	2 Phyto-Based Drugs
	3 Exploring Efficacy of Phyto-Based Drugs
	4 Toxicity Issues
	5 Past and Future Expectations
	6 Conclusion
	References
Natural Products Used in the Treatment of Autoimmune Disorder
	1 Introduction
	2 Causes of Autoimmune Disease
	3 Types of Autoimmune Disorders
		3.1 Type 1 Diabetes
			3.1.1 Emblica officinalis
			3.1.2 Momordica charantia
			3.1.3 Nigella sativa
			3.1.4 Sida cordiflia
			3.1.5 Psidium guajava
			3.1.6 Gymnema sylvestre
			3.1.7 Azadirachta indica
			3.1.8 Allium sativum
			3.1.9 Tinospora cordifolia
			3.1.10 Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
			3.1.11 Panax ginseng
			3.1.12 Cinnamomum cassia
			3.1.13 Plantago ovata
			3.1.14 Zingiber officinale
		3.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis
	4 Natural Products Used in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
		4.1 Curcuma longa
		4.2 Tripterygium wilfordii
			4.2.1 Alkaloids
			4.2.2 Phenolic Compounds
			4.2.3 Quercetin
			4.2.4 Psoriasis
		4.3 Glycyrrhiza glabra
		4.4 Calendula officinalis L.
		4.5 Annona squamosa
		4.6 Melaleuca alternifolia
		4.7 Momordica charantia
		4.8 Silybum marianum
			4.8.1 Graves’ Disease
	5 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
		5.1 Multiple Sclerosis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Strategies to Improve Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Products: Approaches and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Antimicrobial Combinations
		2.1 Plant Extracts or Bioactive Fractions
		2.2 Essential Oils (EOs)
		2.3 Natural Products or Isolated Compounds
	3 Encapsulation of Bioactive Molecules
		3.1 Polymeric and Lipid-Based Nanosystems
			3.1.1 Nanosystems with EOs
			3.1.2 Nanosystems with Aqueous or Alcoholic Extracts
			3.1.3 Nanosystems with Natural Products
		3.2 Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes
		3.3 Natural Products Combined with Metals
	4 Benefits and Limitations of the Strategies Employed for Improving Antibacterial Activity
	References
Plants with Immunomodulatory Potential Described in Ayurveda
	1 Introduction
	2 Immunity and Immunomodulators
	3 Classification and Mechanism of Action of Immunomodulators [14]
	4 Concept of Immunity and Immunomodulators in Ayurveda
		4.1 Immunomodulators
		4.2 Plants Described in Ayurveda with Scientifically Established Immunomodulatory Potential
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Plant-Derived Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurological Disorders
	1 Introduction
	2 Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
	3 Medicinal Plants Effective for Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurological Disorders
		3.1 Withania somnifera
			3.1.1 Neuroprotective Property
			3.1.2 Antioxidant Property
			3.1.3 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitory Activity
			3.1.4 Neuro-regenerative Property
			3.1.5 Withania somnifera and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
		3.2 Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola)
			3.2.1 Neuroprotective property
			3.2.2 Antioxidant Property
			3.2.3 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitory Activity
		3.3 Evodia rutaecarpa benthem
		3.4 Salvia officinalis
		3.5 Rehmannia glutinosa
		3.6 Gastrodia elata
		3.7 Cinnamomi cortex (CC)
	4 Conclusions
	References
Properties and Mechanism of Antimicrobial Agents from Plant-Derived Essential Oils
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Lectins and Polypeptides
		1.2 Alkaloids
		1.3 Phenolic Compounds
		1.4 Quinones
		1.5 Flavonoids, Flavones and Flavanols
		1.6 Tannins
		1.7 Coumarins
		1.8 Terpenoids
	2 Mechanism of Action of PEOs
	3 Antimicrobial Agents from Essential Oils
	4 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
	References
Nanotechnological Modus Operandi for the Delivery of Cytotoxic Phytochemicals
	1 Introduction
	2 Liposome
	3 Carbon Nanotubes
	4 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPS)
	5 Micelles
	6 Dendrimers
	7 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
	8 Exosomes
	9 Polymeric Nanoparticles
	10 Nanofibres
	11 Clinical Studies of Various Nanocarriers Containing Cytotoxic Phytochemicals
	12 Conclusion
	References
Plant-Based Green Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis and Chemotherapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Gold Nanoparticles (AUNPS): Plant-Based Synthesis and Cancer Treatment
		2.1 Gold Nanoparticles in Sensors for Probing and Imaging Tumour Cells
		2.2 Gold Nanoparticles As a Drug Delivery Vehicle Targeted to Cancer Cells
		2.3 Gold Nanoparticle as Computed Tomography Contrast Agent in Detection of Cancer
		2.4 Plant-Based Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle
	3 Silver Nanoparticle: Green Synthesis and Cancer Treatment
		3.1 Silver Nanoparticle in Different Cancer Diagnosis and Treatments
		3.2 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
	4 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) in Cancer Therapy and Green Synthetic Routes
		4.1 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) in Cancer Therapy
		4.2 Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticle
	5 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPS)
		5.1 Poly (Lactide-CO-Glycolide) [PLGA]
		5.2 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
		5.3 Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG)
		5.4 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
		5.5 Chitosan
	6 Conclusion
	References
Use of Plant-Derived Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
	1 Use of Plant Resources in Cancer Therapy: Anticancer Phytochemical
	2 Principal Steps in the Process of Nanoparticle Biosynthesis
		2.1 Nano-based Drug Delivery
	3 Nanoparticles
		3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
		3.2 Nanodiamonds
			3.2.1 In Silico Studies of Plant Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
	4 Liposomes
	5 Micelle
	6 Cladiella pachyclados
	7 Flavonoids
	8 Chitosan
	9 Pro-haloacetate NPs
	10 Plants and Bioactive Component-Based Nanoparticles
	11 Drug Release Nanosystem
	12 Polyphenol Nanoformulations for Cancer Therapy
		12.1 Coumarins
		12.2 Flavonoids
		12.3 Diarylheptanoid (Curcumin)
	References
The Global Concern for Cancer Emergence and Its Prevention: A Systematic Unveiling of the Present Scenario
	1 Introduction
	2 Understanding the Burden of Cancer in a Global Perspective
		2.1 Increasing Scale and Profile of Cancer Globally
		2.2 Current Trends and Future Burden in Cancer Incidence
		2.3 Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Health and Cancer Incidence
	3 Factors Behind the Emergence of Cancer
		3.1 Physical Factors
			3.1.1 Ionizing Radiation
			3.1.2 Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
			3.1.3 Ultraviolet Radiation
		3.2 Chemical Factors
			3.2.1 Alcohol Consumption
			3.2.2 Tobacco Use
			3.2.3 Exposure to Other Chemicals and Environmental Toxicants
		3.3 Biological Factors
			3.3.1 Carcinogenic Substances and Toxicants in Food
			3.3.2 Diet and Physical Activity
			3.3.3 Infections and Infectious Agents
	4 Prevention Strategies to Reduce the Global Cancer Burden
		4.1 Reducing the Growing Burden of Cancer
		4.2 Early-Stage Detection of Cancer
		4.3 Biomarkers as a Tool for an Early Detection of Cancer
			4.3.1 Circulating Nucleic Acids
			4.3.2 Epigenetic Markers
		4.4 Screening
		4.5 Treatment and Palliative Care
		4.6 Role of Naturally Occurring Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention
	5 Conclusion
	References
Commonly Used Poisonous Medicinal Plants in Unani System of Medicine
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Strychnos nux-vomica L.
			1.1.1 Detoxification/Rectification Methods
		1.2 Hyoscyamus niger L.
		1.3 Abrus precatorius L.
		1.4 Ricinus communis
		1.5 Datura stramonium/Datura innoxia/D. metel L.
		1.6 Croton tiglium L.
			1.6.1 Detoxification/Rectification Methods
		1.7 Semecarpus anacardium L.
			1.7.1 Detoxification/Rectification Methods
		1.8 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. and Calotropis gigantean (L.) R.Br
		1.9 Papaver somniferum L.
			1.9.1 Detoxification/Rectification Methods
		1.10 Aconitum Spp.
			1.10.1 Detoxification/Rectification Methods
		1.11 Cannabis sativa L.
		1.12 Nicotiana tabacum L.
	2 Conclusion
	References
Herbal Drugs: Safety, Cost-Effectiveness, Regulation, Current Trends, and Future Directions
	1 Introduction to Herbal Medicine: A Growing Field with a Long History
	2 The Global Market Demand of Herbal Medicine
	3 Regulation
	4 Efficacy of Herbal Medicine
	5 Quality, Safety, and Scientific Evidences
	6 Cost-Effectiveness and Economic Evaluation of Herbal Medicines
	7 Research Needs and Future Directions
	8 Conclusion
	References
Therapeutic Properties of Herbal Constituents Subjected for Clinical Trials
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Garlic
		1.2 Aloe vera
		1.3 Smilax
		1.4 Meadow Saffron
		1.5 Asparagus
		1.6 Lily of the Valley
	2 Conclusions
	References
Plant-Derived Immunomodulators Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): Preclinical Evaluation and Clinical Trials
	1 Introduction
	2 Phytoimmunomodulators
		2.1 Ocimum sanctum
		2.2 Tinospora cordifolia
		2.3 Withania somnifera
		2.4 Glycyrrhiza glabra
		2.5 Emblica officinalis
	3 Conclusion
	References
Correction to: Bioprospecting of Tropical Medicinal Plants
	Correction to: Chapters 4 and 5 in: K. Arunachalam et al. (eds.), Bioprospecting of Tropical Medicinal Plants, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28780-0
Index