Biopolymers and Biopolymer Blends: Fundamentals, Processes, and Emerging Applications

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Emerging Materials and Technologies Series
Biopolymers and Biopolymer Blends: Fundamentals, Processes, and Emerging Applications
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Contents
Preface
Author
1. Biopolymer Composites: Processing, Surface Modification and Characteristics
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Retrospective on Biopolymers
	1.3 Definition of Biopolymers
		1.3.1 Research Trends for Biopolymers
		1.3.2 Market Trends for Biopolymer-Based Products
	1.4 Biopolymer Blends and Bionanocomposites
		1.4.1 Research Trends for Biopolymer Blends and Bionanocomposites
		1.4.2 Pros and Cons of Biopolymer Blends and Bionanocomposites
	1.5 Natural Biopolymers
		1.5.1 Plant/Algae-Based Polysaccharides
		1.5.2 Animal-Based Polysaccharides
		1.5.3 Microorganism-Based Polysaccharides
	1.6 Chemical Synthesis
		1.6.1 Renewable Resources
		1.6.2 Petroleum-Based Resources
	1.7 Natural Polysaccharides
		1.7.1 Cellulose
		1.7.2 Starch
		1.7.3 Pectin
		1.7.4 Agar
		1.7.5 Carrageenan
		1.7.6 Alginate
		1.7.7 Chitosan
		1.7.8 Hyaluronic Acid
		1.7.9 Yeast Glucan
		1.7.10 Pullulan
		1.7.11 Dextran
		1.7.12 Bacterial Cellulose
		1.7.13 Xanthan Gum
	1.8 Natural Proteins
		1.8.1 Soy Protein
		1.8.2 Zein
		1.8.3 Gluten
		1.8.4 Collagen
		1.8.5 Gelatin
		1.8.6 Keratin
	1.9 Synthetic Polymers from Renewable Resources
		1.9.1 Polylactic Acid
		1.9.2 Polyhydroxybutyrate
		1.9.3 Polybutylene Succinate
		1.9.4 Bio-Polyethylene
	1.10 Synthetic Polymers from Petroleum-Based Resources
		1.10.1 Polycaprolactone
		1.10.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol
		1.10.3 Polybutyrate Adipate Terephthalate
	1.11 Polymer Blends
	1.12 Methods of Polymer Blending
		1.12.1 Melt Blending
		1.12.2 Mill Mixing and Fine Powder Mixing Techniques
		1.12.3 Solution Casting Method
		1.12.4 Freeze Drying
		1.12.5 Latex Blending
		1.12.6 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
	1.13 Properties of Polymer Blends
		1.13.1 Electrical Properties
		1.13.2 Mechanical Properties
		1.13.3 Thermal Properties
		1.13.4 Optical Properties
	1.14 Blending Biopolymers with Other Biopolymers
	1.15 Blending of Natural Biopolymers with Other Natural Biopolymers
	1.16 Blending of Synthetic Biopolymers with Other Synthetic Biopolymers
	1.17 Blending of Natural Biopolymers with Synthetic Biopolymers
	1.18 Surface Modification of Blending
		1.18.1 Copolymerization
		1.18.2 Grafting
		1.18.3 Transesterification
		1.18.4 Reactive Coupling Agent
	1.19 Conclusions
	References
2. Biodegradation and Compostable Biopolymers
	2.1 Biodegradation and Compostables in General
	2.2 Methods of Biodegradation and Composting of Biopolymers
	2.3 Biodegradability of Biopolymers
	2.4 Composting of Biopolymers
	2.5 Environmental Impact of Biopolymers
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
3. State-of-the-Art Natural Biopolymers for Bionanocomposites
	3.1 Bionanocomposites
	3.2 Constituents of Bionanocomposites
	3.3 Types of Bionanocomposites
		3.3.1 Bionanocomposite Films
		3.3.2 Bionanocomposite Hydrogels
		3.3.3 Bionanocomposite Aerogels
	3.4 Fabrication Process of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites
		3.4.1 Direct Mixing Approach
		3.4.2 Melt Blending Approach
		3.4.3 In Situ Polymerization
		3.4.4 Sol-Gel Approach
	3.5 The Properties of Bionanocomposites
		3.5.1 Physical Properties
		3.5.2 Mechanical Properties
		3.5.3 Thermal Properties
		3.5.4 Biodegradable Properties
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4. Biopolymers in 3D Printing Technology
	4.1 3D Printing Technologies
		4.1.1 Fused Deposition Modelling
		4.1.2 Liquid Deposition Modeling
		4.1.3 Stereolithography
		4.1.4 Laminated Object Manufacturing
		4.1.5 Composite-Based Additive Manufacturing
		4.1.6 Powder Bed Fusion
		4.1.7 Binder Jetting
	4.2 3D Printing Materials
		4.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymers
		4.2.2 Thermosetting Polymers
		4.2.3 Metals
	4.3 Biopolymers in 3D Printing
		4.3.1 Poly (Lactic Acid)
		4.3.2 Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Butyleneadipate-Co-Terephthalate) Polymer Blends in 3D Printing
		4.3.3 3D Printing of Native Cellulose-Based Materials
		4.3.4 3D Printing of Cellulose Derivative-Based Materials
		4.3.5 3D Printing of Cellulose Composite-Based Materials
		4.3.6 3D Printing of Hemicellulose-Based Materials
		4.3.7 3D Printing of Starch-Based Materials
		4.3.8 3D Printing of Algae-Based Materials
		4.3.9 3D Printing of Chitosan-Based Materials
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5. Applications of Biopolymer Blends and Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Building and Construction
		5.2.1 Superplasticizers
		5.2.2 Insulated Materials
	5.3 Marine and Coastal Construction
	5.4 Geotextiles
	5.5 Agriculture
		5.5.1 Biodegradable Mulches
		5.5.2 Seed Coatings
		5.5.3 Soil Conditioners
		5.5.4 Organic Fertilizers
		5.5.5 Pesticides
	5.6 Packaging
		5.6.1 Food Packaging
		5.6.2 Non-Food Packaging
	5.7 Cosmetics
		5.7.1 Skin Care
		5.7.2 Face Masks/Sheets
		5.7.3 UV Sunscreens
	5.8 Haircare Products
	5.9 Biomedical Applications
		5.9.1 Implant and Scaffold Tissue Engineering
		5.9.2 Wound Healing
	5.10 Pharmaceutical Applications
		5.10.1 Drug Delivery
	5.11 Automotive
	5.12 Conclusions
	References
6. Starch-Based Films with Essential Oils for Antimicrobial Food Packaging
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Characteristics of Starch
	6.3 Essential Oils
		6.3.1 Extraction Methods
		6.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils
	6.4 Preparation of Starch-Based Films with Essential Oils
	6.5 Performance of Antimicrobial Starch-Based Films with Essential Oils
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
7. Chitosan-Based Chemical Sensors: Sensing Mechanism and Detection Capacity
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Chitin and Chitosan: Structure and Characteristics
	7.3 Preparation of Chitosan
	7.4 Surface Modification of Chitosan
	7.5 Role of Chitosan-Based Chemical Sensors
	7.6 Chitosan-Based Chemical Sensor Sensing Mechanisms
	7.7 Conclusions
	References
8. Seaweed-Based Biopolymers for Sustainable Applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Seaweed Polysaccharides
	8.3 Types of Seaweeds
		8.3.1 Red Seaweed
		8.3.2 Green Seaweed
		8.3.3 Brown Seaweed
	8.4 Seaweed Derivatives
		8.4.1 Alginate
		8.4.2 Carrageenan
		8.4.3 Agar
	8.5 Properties of Seaweed-Based Biopolymers
	8.6 Applications of Seaweed
	8.7 Challenges and Future Prospects
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9. Characteristics and Performance of Emerging Biopolymers from Sugar Palm Starch for Packaging
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Types of Packaging Materials
		9.2.1 Production of Biobased Plastics
		9.2.2 Biopolymers from Starch
	9.3 Sugar Palm Fiber
	9.4 Sugar Palm Starch
	9.5 Preparation of Sugar Palm Starch
	9.6 Characteristics of Sugar Palm Starch–Based Biopolymers
	9.7 Process of Modifying Sugar Palm Starch and Its Purposes
		9.7.1 Mechanism of Plasticization for Starch
		9.7.2 Plasticization of Sugar Palm Starch
	9.8 Performance of Sugar Palm Starch Composites
	9.9 Conclusions
	References
10. Biopolymers for Drug Delivery Applications: Modificationsand Performance
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Classification and Characteristics of Biopolymers
	10.3 Modification Techniques for Enhancing Biopolymer Properties
		10.3.1 Glutaraldehyde
		10.3.2 Poly(Carboxylic Acids)
	10.4 Crosslinking of Biopolymers with Polycarboxylic Acid–Based Crosslinkers
	10.5 Fabrication Process of Biopolymers
	10.6 Biopolymers in Drug Delivery Applications
	10.7 Release Characteristics of Biopolymers
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
11. Crosslinking Networks of Functional Biopolymer Hydrogels
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Overview of Biopolymer Hydrogels
	11.3 Importance of Surface Functionalization
	11.4 Crosslinking Networks for Functionality of Biopolymer Hydrogels
	11.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
12. Current Challenges and Future Prospects of Biopolymer Blends and Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Biopolymer Derivatives and Processing Methods
	12.3 Production at Mass Scale
	12.4 Environmental and Sustainability Factors
		12.4.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		12.4.2 Biodegradable and Recyclable Plastics
	12.5 Feasibility for Industrial Purposes in the Near Future
	12.6 Current Prospects and Market Potential of Biopolymer-Based Products
		12.6.1 Production Capacities
		12.6.2 Geographical Regions
		12.6.3 Industry Expansion
	12.7 Conclusions
	References
Index