Biopolitics and Shock Economy of COVID-19: Medical Perspectives and Socioeconomic Dynamics

Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
An Introduction to Biopolitics and Shock Economy of COVID-19: Medical Perspectives and Socioeconomic Dynamics
	References
Part I: Medical and Pandemic Overview of COVID-19
Medical Perspective on COVID-19
	Introduction
	Historical Views and Theories of Infectious Diseases
	Epidemiology
	Human Coronaviruses (hCoVs)
		SARS-CoV-2 Virion Structure
		Viral Entry
		Life Cycle
		Transmission Mode
	Immunology
		Immune Response Against Viruses
	Immunology
		Immune Response Against Viruses
		Immune Response in COVID-19 Patients, SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Evasion of Host Immune Responses
		SARS-CoV-2 Origin
	SARS-COV-2 Variants
	Clinical Characteristics
		Signs and Symptoms
		Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
	Radiological Features
		Pulmonary Findings
		Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Findings
	Histopathological Findings in Autopsy or Endoscopic Specimens
	Prognostic Value of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters
	COVID-19 Complications and Long-Term Effects
	COVID-19 Clinical Trials
	Isolation, Quarantine, and Social Distancing
	COVID-19 Risk Factors and Vulnerable Populations
		People with Preexisting Conditions, the Elderly, and Others
		Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women and Neonates
		Children and Adolescents
		Lower Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Ethnic Minorities
	Medical Insurance
	Death Tolls Among Different Nations
	Biomedical Waste (BMW) Management
	Artificial Intelligence and Other Technology Applications
	Research, Education, and Clinical Lessons Learned
	Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Advances in the Application of Geospatial Technology in the Mitigation of COVID-19 Pandemic
	Introduction
	GIS as an Integrated System for the Assessment and Response to the Pandemic
	GIS Aided Regional/Community Risk Evaluation of COVID-19
	GIS Software-Based Risk Evaluation of COVID-19
	Geospatial Mapping Using Dashboards Across Continents and Countries
	Geospatial Modelling of the Spread of the Disease
		Geospatial Time Series Forecast of the Pandemic
		Geospatial Modelling of COVID-19 Medical Facilities
		Geospatial Location-Allocation of Resources
	ArcGIS Indoors Building Level Assessment Tool
	Smart Airport Geospatial Response Strategies
	Geospatial Mobile Contact Tracing Technologies
	Limitations of Geospatial Technology
	Conclusion
	References
The Ontological Nature and Cause of COVID-19: A Philosophical Analysis
	Introduction
	Understanding the Causes of Things in the Natural World
	The Material Cause
	The Formal Cause
	The Efficient Cause
	The Final Cause
	Privation as a Factor in Change
	Evil as Privation
	COVID-19 as a Privation of Some Good in a Being or Nature of a Being
	Conclusion
	References
Part II: COVID-19 Shock and Socio-Economy
Digital Transformation: Prior to and Following the Pandemic
	Introduction
	Systematic Review Approach
	Effects of DT on Different Organizations
		Implementation of DT in Different Sectors Prior to the Pandemic
		Post-Pandemic and Digital Transformation
		Characteristics of Different Organizations Transferring to Digital
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
The Sociocultural and Economic Barriers to Self-Care Culture for COVID-19 Control in Developing Societies: The Case of Iran
	Introduction
	Concepts and Theories
	Determinants of Behavior
	Theories of Health Care and Illness
		Culture, Self-Care, and Other Care
	Rational Thought and Behavior
	Lifestyle and Social and Cultural Capitals
	Tradition and Modernization
		The Consequences of Modernization for Human Life
	Development and Health Condition
	Method
	Barriers to Self-Care Culture
		The Short-Term Barriers: Economic Factors
			Micro-economic Barriers
				Malnutrition
				Lack of Financial Ability to Use Health-Care and Self-Care Facilities
				Lack of Living Facilities Such as Housing and Proper Clothing
				The Work Time in Epidemiological Conditions
			Macro-economic Factors
				Economic Poverty and Lack of Welfare Facilities
				Economic Recession and Inflation
		The Medium-Term Barriers: Social Factors
			Micro-social Factors
				Weakness of Education and Socialization
				Unstable Job Conditions
			Macro-social Barriers
				Social Inequality in the Distribution of Living and Health Facilities
				Lack of Attention to Prevention and Promoted Programs of Macro-health Policies
				Weakness of Social Organization
				Family Size in Less Developed Areas
		The Long-Term Barriers: Cultural Attitudes About Health
			Micro-cultural Barriers
				The Poverty of Knowledge and Living Awareness
				Self-Medication Belief
				Self-Healthy Imagination and Misunderstanding of Disease Risks
				Social Indifference and Social Irresponsibility
			Macro-cultural Barriers
				Fate-Orientation (Fatalism)
				The Weakness of Preventive Insight and Having a Post-Occurrence Therapeutic View
				Application of Common Senses and Vulgar Medicine
				Low Social Trust
				Social Traps
				Traditional Habitus in Health Care
	Conclusion and Discussion
	References
The COVID-19-Induced Transaction Cost Suggests Considerable Cost Effectiveness Resulting from the Prevalence of Universal Health Care in the United States
	Introduction
	Background of COVID-19 in New York State
	The Transaction Cost of Health-Care Systems in the Current Literature
	Economic Transaction Costs
	Transaction Cost Theoretical Framework
	Transaction Cost Model
	Simple Transaction Cost Model
	Travel Nurse Data, 2019 and 2020
	Real-World Application of the Simple Model
	Simple Model Scale-Up Test
	Data Findings
	Policy Implications of the Result
	Post-COVID-19 Consideration of Preemptive and Preventive Actions
	Conclusion
	References
Assessing the Social Support and Resilience of the Inhabitants of Marginalized Communities amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Shiraz Metropolis Case Study
	Introduction
	Theoretical Framework
	Marginalized
	Marginalization in the World
	Marginalization in Iran
	Marginalization and Coronavirus
	Literature Review
	Methodology
	Results
	Analysis of Social Support Status and Its Dimensions
	Analysis of Social Support Status Based on Contextual Variables
		Age
		Gender (Table 5)
		Marital Status
		Number of Children
		Level of Education
		Job
		Income
	Resilience Status Analysis
	Analysis of Resilience Status Based on Contextual Variables
		Age
		Gender (Table 22)
		Marital Status (Table 23)
		Number of Children (Table 24)
		Level of Education
		Job
		Income
	The Relationship Between the Dimensions of Social Support and the Resilience of Marginalized Inhabitants in the COVID-19 Crisis
	The Relationship Between Social Support and Resilience
	Recommendations
	Discussion and Conclusion
	Research Limitations
	References
How the Pandemic Crisis May Affect Economic Systems: A Study on the Nexus Between COVID-19 and Entrepreneurial Activities
	Introduction
		Objective of This Study
	Economic Resilience
		Economic Resilience and Entrepreneurship
	Methodology
		Economic Resilience and TEA
		Economic Resilience and Established Business
		Economic Resilience and Entrepreneurship Intention
		Economic Resilience and Entrepreneurial Innovation
	Results and Discussion
		Overview
		Conclusion
	References
Index