Biophysics: An Introduction

Biophysics An Introduction......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
1 Introduction......Page 16
Further reading......Page 21
2.1 Quantum Mechanics......Page 22
2.2 Pauli Exclusion Principle......Page 24
2.3 Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity and Chemical Binding......Page 25
2.4 Electronegativity and Strong Bonds......Page 30
2.5 Secondary Bonds......Page 36
Further reading......Page 37
3.1 Interatomic Potentials for Strong Bonds......Page 38
3.2 Interatomic Potentials for Weak Bonds......Page 44
3.3 Non-central Forces......Page 47
3.4 Bond Energies......Page 48
3.5 Spring Constants......Page 54
Exercises......Page 55
Further reading......Page 56
4.1 Free Energy......Page 58
4.2 Internal Energy......Page 60
4.3 Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics......Page 61
4.4 Reaction Kinetics......Page 70
4.5 Water, Acids, Bases and Aqueous Reactions......Page 74
4.6 Radiation Energy......Page 80
Exercises......Page 82
Further reading......Page 83
5.1 Diffusion......Page 84
5.2 Viscosity......Page 91
5.3 Thermal Conduction......Page 95
Further reading......Page 96
6.1 X-Ray Diffraction and Molecular Structure......Page 98
6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 108
6.3 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy......Page 113
6.4 Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 116
6.5 Optical Tweezers......Page 118
6.6 Patch Clamping......Page 123
6.7 Molecular Dynamics......Page 127
6.8 Potential Energy Contour Tracing......Page 130
Exercises......Page 133
Further reading......Page 134
7 Biological Polymers......Page 138
7.1 Nucleic Acids......Page 139
7.2 Nucleic Acid Conformation: DNA......Page 144
7.3 Nucleic Acid Conformation: RNA......Page 147
7.4 Proteins......Page 149
7.5 Protein Folding......Page 166
Exercises......Page 172
Further reading......Page 173
8.1 Historical Background......Page 176
8.2 Membrane Chemistry and Structure......Page 181
8.3 Membrane Physics......Page 189
Further reading......Page 200
9.1 Energy Consumption......Page 202
9.2 Respiration......Page 203
9.3 Photosynthesis......Page 205
9.4 ATP Synthesis......Page 214
Exercises......Page 221
Further reading......Page 222
10.1 Bacterial Motion......Page 224
10.2 Chemical Memory in Primitive Organisms......Page 233
10.3 Muscular Movement......Page 235
10.4 Human Performance......Page 248
Further reading......Page 250
11.1 Diffusion and Mobility of Ions......Page 252
11.2 Resting Potential......Page 255
Further reading......Page 261
12.1 Passive Response......Page 264
12.2 Nerve Impulses (Action Potentials)......Page 271
12.3 The Nervous System......Page 283
Further reading......Page 290
13.1 Hebbian Learning......Page 292
13.2 Neural Networks......Page 296
13.3 Auto-association......Page 303
Exercises......Page 308
Further reading......Page 309
14.1 The Primacy of Movement......Page 312
14.2 Ballistic Control in a Simplified Visual System......Page 314
14.3 More Sophisticated Modes of Control......Page 319
14.4 The Heterogeneous Structure of Muscle Fibres......Page 320
14.5 Central Pattern Generators......Page 322
14.6 Conditioned Reflexes......Page 326
14.7 Volition and Free Will......Page 329
14.8 What Purpose Does Consciousness Serve?......Page 335
14.9 Passive versus Active in Mental Processing......Page 340
14.10 The Relevant Anatomy and Physiology......Page 343
14.11 Intelligence and Creativity......Page 350
14.12 A Final Word......Page 353
Further reading......Page 354
A.1 Quantization of Energy......Page 358
A.2 Atomic Structure......Page 360
A.3 The Wave Equation......Page 362
A.4 Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling......Page 365
Further reading......Page 367
B.2 The Hydrogen Atom......Page 368
B.3 Solution of the F Equation......Page 371
B.4 Solution of the Q Equation......Page 372
B.5 Solution of the R Equation......Page 373
B.7 Wave Functions......Page 375
Further reading......Page 379
C.1 Ideal Gases......Page 380
C.2 Liquids......Page 384
Further reading......Page 386
D.2 The Poisson Approximation......Page 388
D.3 The Normal, or Gaussian, Distribution......Page 390
Further reading......Page 391
Appendix E: Differential Equations......Page 392
Further reading......Page 394
Name Index......Page 396
Subject Index......Page 400