Biophysics of Insect Flight

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction
	Introduction
	General Characters
		Morphological Features
		Wings
		Respiration
		Flight Apparatus
		Anatomy
	Reference
2 Flight a Retrospect a Brief Review
	Review of Literature
	Recent Findings
	Summary
	References
3 Aerodynamic Considerations
	Introduction
	Modes of Insect Flight
	The Principle of Lift and Thrust Generation by Flapping Wings
	Lift and Drag Coefficients
	Lift-Enhancing Mechanisms in Insect Flight
	Aerodynamics of Insect Flight
		The Governing Equations for an Insect Flight
		Resilin
	Actuator Disc Concept (Disc Area Concept)
	Actuator Disc Model for Flapping Flight
	Prandtl\'s Vortex System
	Summary
	References
4 Flight Morphology and Flight Muscles
	Introduction
	Structure of Thorax and Wing Morphology
	The Vein
		Wing Venation [3]
	Wing Joints
	Wing Muscles
		Direct Muscles
		Indirect Muscles
		Wing Coupling, Folding and Wing Movements
	Flight Parameters
		Some Useful Definitions
	Insect Flight Muscles
	Summary
	References
5 Types of Textures in Insect Wings and Classification
	Introduction
	Orthoptera
	Blatteria
	Isoptera
	Ephemeroptera
	Odonata
	Thysanoptera
	Hemiptera (Heteroptera)
	Homoptera
	Lepidoptera
	Coleoptera
	Hymenoptera
	Diptera
	Neuroptera
	Summary
	Reference
6 Theories on Hovering Flight of Insects
	Introduction
	Mass Flow Theory of Hovering
	Mechanical Oscillator Theory
	Crawford’s Theory
	Norberg’s Theory
	Pennycuick’s Theory
	Theory Based on Newton’s Laws
	Deakin’s Theory
	Earlier Work on Hovering
	Summary
	References
7 Moment of Inertia and Mutilation Studies of an Insect Wing
	Introduction
	Definition
	Expression for Moment of Inertia
	Expression for Rotational Kinetic Energy
	Computation of Moment of Inertia of an Insect Wing
	Comments on the Moment of Inertia Studies
	Mutilation Studies of Insect Wings
	Summary
	Appendix
	Energy of a Particle Executing Simple Harmonic Motion
	Moment of Inertia
	Example 1—Case of an Insect Wing (T. Javanica)
	Example 2—Case of an Aluminium Foil
	References
8 Chitinous Membranes and Analogous Material
	Introduction to Chitin
	Structure of the Insect Integument
	Properties
	Applications of Chitin
	Analogous Materials
		Resilin
		Structure of Resilin
		Applications of Resilin
	Silk
		Structure and Properties of the Silk Fibres
		Texture of Silk Thread
		About Sericulture
		Chemical Composition and Properties
		Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Silk
	Summary
	References
9 Aeroelasticity
	Introduction
	Historical Background
	Importance of Aeroelasticity
	Static Aeroelasticity
		Divergence
		Control Reversal
	Dynamic Aeroelasticity
		Flutter
		Buffeting
		Dynamic Response
	Aeroelasticity in Insect Flight
		Non-dimensional Parameters of Insect Flight
		Salient Features of Aeroelastic Phenomena in Insect Flight
		Rigid, Flexible and Very Flexible Wings
	Summary
	References
10 Insect Migration
	Introduction
	Insect Migration
	Definition for Insect Migration
	Evidence for Insect Migration
	Reasons for Migration
	Migration Within the Boundary Layer
	Daytime Migration Outside the Boundary Layer
	Migration at Night
	Navigation—A General Overview
	Summary
	References
11 MAV Design Aspects Using MEMS
	Introduction to MEMS
	Background of MEMS
	Role of MEMS in Various Applications
	Advantages of Using MEMS in Various Applications
		Role of MEMS in Designing Bio-mimicking MAVs
	Micromachining Process
		IC Process
		Surface Micromachining (SMM) Process
		Bulk Micromachining (BMM) Process
	Practical Considerations of Designing MAVs Using MEMS
		Process Development of Micromachining
	Summary
	References
12 Bio-mimicking MAVs Based on Insect Flight Studies
	Overview
	Adaptability of Different Wing Configurations for MAVs
	Relevance of Insect Flight to MAV Applications
		Reynolds Number and MAVs
		Additional Aspects to Be Considered for MAV Design
	Bio-mimicking MAVs Design Based on Insect Flight
		Choice of an Insect for Bio-mimicking
		Salient Features of the Insect T.javanica and Its Adaptation for MAV
	Navigation of MAV
		Considerations for Bio-mimicking MAV Designs
		Navigation Equipment for Bio-mimicking MAVs
		Additional Aspects of Surveillance
	Summary
	References
13 Navigation—A General Overview
	Navigation—A General Overview
	Navigational Methods and Techniques Used by Present Day Scientists
		Inertial Navigation System (INS)
		Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
		RADAR (Radar)—Radio Detection and Ranging
		Instrument Landing Systems (ILS) and Microwave Landing System (MLS)
		Vision and LIDAR Based Navigation
	Navigational Methods Adopted by Natural fliers
	MEMS for MAV Navigation
	Summary
	References
14 Wingbeat Frequency Theories—A Mathematical Approach
	Introduction
	Theories
	Summary
	References
15 Comments on Bio-physics of Insect Flight (Present and Future)
	Present Study
	Future Study
	Conclusions
	References
References
Index