Biomimicry for Aerospace: Technologies and Applications

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BIOMIMICRY FOR AEROSPACE
	BIOMIMICRY FOR AEROSPACE Technologies and Applications
	Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 - Biomimicry in aerospace: Education, design and inspiration
	One - Biomimicry and biodesign for innovation in future space colonization
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 The entrepreneurial space industry
			1.2.1 The entrepreneurial space industry urgently needs design
			1.2.2 Habitability, static environments, and the need to create ad hoc solutions
			1.2.3 Additive and in situ manufacturing in aerospace: Needs and implications
			1.2.4 Next steps toward biodesign in space colonization
		1.3 From biomimicry and bio-inspired design to bio-enhanced and biohybrid design, technology, and innovation
			1.3.1 Next Nature, Material Ecology, and Biodesign
				1.3.1.1 Next Nature
				1.3.1.2 Material Ecology
				1.3.1.3 Biodesign
			1.3.2 Hybrid approaches to nature, culture, and emerging technologies for aerospace
			1.3.3 Other considerations and potential future implications
		1.4 Applied research into biomimetic and algorithmic design
			1.4.1 How algorithmic design is enhancing the biomimetic approach
			1.4.2 Behavioral protocols: using inner and outer forces
			1.4.3 Behavioral protocols: Absorbing the context
			1.4.4 Bio-affected protocols and in situ manufacturing technologies: A potential for future planetary colonization
		1.5 Bio-inspired, bio-enhanced, and biohybrid engineering: Speculative design concepts for space colonization
		1.6 Current research in the Dubai Institute of Design and Innovation: Case studies with undergraduate students
			1.6.1 Case study one: “Cryo-Slug”
			1.6.2 Case study two: “Growing Materials”
		1.7 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	TWO - A bio-inspired design and space challenges cornerstone project
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 NASA challenges
		2.3 Ask Nature strategy research
		2.4 Challenges and strategies diagrams
		2.5 Strategies illustration
		2.6 Designing and drawing the bio-inspired design solution
		2.7 Data analysis
		2.8 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	THREE - Toward systematic nature-inspired problem-solving for aerospace applications and beyond
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Biomimicry tool landscape
		3.3 Virtual interchange for Nature-inspired Exploration: 2019 Biocene Tools Workshop
			3.3.1 Purpose of the Biocene Tools Workshop
			3.3.2 Workshop objectives and activities
			3.3.3 Biocene meeting output
			3.3.4 Biocene meeting results
		3.4 Analysis and discussion
		3.5 Conclusions and future directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Four - Parallels in communication technology and natural phenomena
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The Schmitt Trigger: Biomimetics and synchronicity
		4.3 Sense and avoid: Collective motion in bird flocks and aircraft formations
		4.4 Periodic structures: Crystals and electronic filters
		4.5 Charles Darwin: Butterflies, genetic algorithms and microwave antennas
		4.6 Color and light: Butterflies and dichroic mirrors
		4.7 Smart materials: Artificial muscles and antennas
		4.8 Whispers: Cathedrals and virus detectors
		4.9 Spookiness: Quantum entanglement and advanced cryptography
		4.10 Noise: Communications
		4.11 Summary and conclusions
		References
	Five - Atacama Desert: Genius of place
		5.1 Atacama Desert
			5.1.1 Atacama aridity
			5.1.2 Natural history of Atacama Desert
			5.1.3 Operating conditions
			5.1.4 Biogeochemical cycles in the Atacama Desert
				5.1.4.1 Carbon cycle
				5.1.4.2 Nitrogen cycle
				5.1.4.3 Iodine cycle
		5.2 Strategies adopted by species to survive in the Atacama Desert
			5.2.1 Llareta (Azorella compacta)
				5.2.1.1 Llareta biological strategy—adaptation
				5.2.1.2 Llareta design principles
				5.2.1.3 Llareta application ideas
				5.2.1.4 Llareta further design considerations
			5.2.2 Desert Holly (Atriplex atacamensis)
				5.2.2.1 Desert holly biological strategy—adaptation
				5.2.2.2 Desert holly design principles
				5.2.2.3 Desert holly application ideas
			5.2.3 Tamarugo (Prosopis tamarugo)
				5.2.3.1 Tamarugo biological strategy—adaptation
				5.2.3.2 Tamarugo design principles
				5.2.3.3 Tamarugo application ideas
			5.2.4 Desert saltgrass (Distichlis spicata)
				5.2.4.1 Desert saltgrass biological strategy—adaptation
				5.2.4.2 Desert saltgrass design principles
				5.2.4.3 Desert saltgrass application ideas
			5.2.5 Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)
				5.2.5.1 Vicuña biological strategy—adaptation
				5.2.5.2 Vicuña design principles
				5.2.5.3 Vicuña application ideas
				5.2.5.4 Vicuña further design considerations
			5.2.6 Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)
				5.2.6.1 Guanaco biological strategy—adaptation
				5.2.6.2 Guanaco design principles
				5.2.6.3 Guanaco application ideas
		5.3 Discussion
		5.4 Conclusions
		References
2 - Bio-inspired design: Aerospace and other practical applications
	SIX - Bio-inspired design and additive manufacturing of cellular materials
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 Cellular materials
			6.1.2 Additive manufacturing
			6.1.3 Bio-inspired design
		6.2 Cellular materials design
			6.2.1 Cell selection
			6.2.2 Cell size distribution
			6.2.3 Cell parameters
			6.2.4 Integration
		6.3 Cellular materials in nature
			6.3.1 Unit cell selection
				6.3.1.1 Tessellation
				6.3.1.2 Elements
				6.3.1.3 Connectivity
			6.3.2 Cell size distribution
			6.3.3 Cell parameter optimization
			6.3.4 Integration
		6.4 Additive manufacturing design constraints
			6.4.1 Feature resolution and fidelity
			6.4.2 Dimensional accuracy
			6.4.3 Scale dependence
			6.4.4 Orientation dependence
		6.5 Toward a methodology: Honeycomb panel case study
			6.5.1 Morphology
			6.5.2 Design
			6.5.3 Validation
		6.6 Summary
		References
	Seven - Biomimetic course design exploration for improved NASA zero gravity exercise equipment
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 University of Akron biomimicry course: Response to NASA design challenge
			7.2.1 Course framework
			7.2.2 Background of NASA\'s design challenge
			7.2.3 Problem description
		7.3 Biomimetic improvements to the exercise device box and accessories
			7.3.1 Selection of biological role models
			7.3.2 Foldable structures for improved functionality
				7.3.2.1 Deployable honeycomb sandwich structures
				7.3.2.2 Unfolding pattern of beach leaves
				7.3.2.3 Mechanics of the primary feathers of pigeon wings
				7.3.2.4 Alternative design suggestions
			7.3.3 Hook and loop fastener shoes for increased exercise adhesion
			7.3.4 Exercise program
		7.4 Biomimetic improvements to ropes and cables
			7.4.1 Biological model refinement
			7.4.2 Fish fin–inspired modular rope design
			7.4.3 Hierarchical structuring of ropes
			7.4.4 Sandfish-inspired abrasion reduction of ropes
			7.4.5 Pulley lubrication using electroosmosis
		7.5 Conclusions and future work
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Eight - Biomimetics of boxfish: Designing an aerodynamically efficient passenger car
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Methodology
			8.2.1 Biomimetic design process
			8.2.2 Aerodynamics of a yellow boxfish
				8.2.2.1 Simplified boxfish model
				8.2.2.2 Wind tunnel study
			8.2.3 Biomimetic design of a one-box type car
			8.2.4 Numerical study
				8.2.4.1 Computational domain
				8.2.4.2 Meshing
				8.2.4.3 Boundary conditions and solver setup
		8.3 Results and discussion
			8.3.1 Boxfish aerodynamics
			8.3.2 Aerodynamics of the biomimetic car
			8.3.3 Computational fluid dynamics comparison study
				8.3.3.1 Pressure distribution
				8.3.3.2 Pressure contour
				8.3.3.3 Velocity contour
				8.3.3.4 Streamlines
		8.4 Conclusions
		References
	Nine - Thresholds of nature: How understanding one of nature\'s penultimate laws led to the PowerCone, a biomimetic  ...
		9.1 Background—thresholds abound
			9.1.1 The generalized Navier–Stokes equation
		9.2 The moment of inspiration
		9.3 Maple key aerodynamics
		9.4 The first prototypes
		9.5 Wind tunnel testing a PowerCone
		9.6 Time-Dependent Energy Transfer and thresholds
		9.7 Changing fluids: Tidal testing a PowerCone
		9.8 New computational frontiers: PowerCone
		9.9 Conclusion: Full-Scale Testing
		References
3 - Biomimicry and foundational aerospace disciplines
	Ten - Slithering across worlds—snake-inspired robots for extraterrestrial exploration
		10.1 Bio-inspired design
		10.2 Identifying the problem—traversing other worlds
		10.3 Searching planetary analogs for a natural model
		10.4 Snake locomotion—turning obstacles into advantages
			10.4.1 Lateral undulation
			10.4.2 Sidewinding
			10.4.3 Concertina
			10.4.4 Rectilinear
			10.4.5 More than four modes
			10.4.6 Unknowns
		10.5 Replicating snakes\' success—bio-inspired snake robots
		10.6 Applications and mission profiles
		10.7 Conclusion: Bio-inspired snake robots for extraterrestrial exploration
		References
	Eleven - Biomimetic advances in photovoltaics with potential aerospace applications
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Solar applications in aerospace
			11.2.1 Background and short history
			11.2.2 Solar cell figures of merit
			11.2.3 Unique issues for space solar cells
		11.3 Classes of solar cells
			11.3.1 Conventional solar cells
			11.3.2 Excitonic solar cells
			11.3.3 Majority versus minority carrier devices
		11.4 Losses in solar cells
			11.4.1 Intrinsic losses
			11.4.2 Extrinsic losses
			11.4.3 Approaches to overcoming losses
		11.5 Bio-inspired approaches for enhanced photovoltaics
			11.5.1 Active layer optimization
			11.5.2 Integrating natural patterns
				11.5.2.1 Diatom-based structures
				11.5.2.2 Butterfly-based structures
			11.5.3 Bio-inspired dyes and additives
			11.5.4 Texturing inspired by nature
			11.5.5 Insect-inspired light management
		11.6 Bioinspiration and solar concentrators
		11.7 Honeycomb surface structures
		11.8 Bio-inspired surface area enhancement
		11.9 Modeling and simulation for photovoltaic power output optimization
		11.10 Concluding remarks: Future outlook
		References
	Twelve - Electric aircraft cooling with bio-inspired exergy management
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Technology barriers for air vehicle adoption
		12.3 Fault management challenge
		12.4 Thermal management challenge
		12.5 Integrated fault and thermal management
		12.6 High-exergy heat extraction
		12.7 Acoustic exergy pumping tubes
		12.8 Thermally redirectable heat pipes
		12.9 Integrated TREES system operation and test results summary
		12.10 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Thirteen - Surrogate model-driven bio-inspired optimization algorithms for large-scale and high-dimensional problems
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Surrogate models
			13.2.1 Generalized procedure for surrogate model construction
				13.2.1.1 Step 1: Preparation of data and selection of modeling approach
				13.2.1.2 Step 2: Parameter estimation and training
			13.2.2 Surrogate model testing
		13.3 Types of surrogate models
			13.3.1 Polynomial regression models
				13.3.1.1 Introduction to the polynomial regression model
				13.3.1.2 Least square error minimization for parameter estimation
				13.3.1.3 Accuracy of the polynomial regression model
				13.3.1.4 Two example polynomial regression models for large-scale structures
			13.3.2 Support vector regression
			13.3.3 Gaussian process regression modeling
				13.3.3.1 Prediction with Gaussian processes
				13.3.3.2 Determination of Kriging hyperparameters
		13.4 Surrogate model-driven bio-inspired optimization algorithm
			13.4.1 Genetic algorithm
			13.4.2 Surrogate model-driven genetic algorithm
			13.4.3 Particle swarm optimization
			13.4.4 Surrogate model-driven particle swarm optimization
			13.4.5 Other bio-inspired algorithms
				13.4.5.1 Firefly algorithm
				13.4.5.2 Krill herd algorithm
				13.4.5.3 Marine predators algorithm
				13.4.5.4 Artificial bee colony algorithm
				13.4.5.5 Artificial immune optimization algorithm
		13.5 Concluding remarks
		References
		Thirteen . Appendices
			Appendix A
			Appendix B
			Appendix C
4 - Bio-inspired materials, manufacturing and structures
	Fourteen - Advancing research efforts in biomimicry to develop nature-inspired materials, processes for space explo ...
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Functional surfaces
			14.2.1 Antifouling coatings and bioadhesion
			14.2.2 Sustainable dust mitigation through a bio-inspired approach
			14.2.3 Self-cleaning surfaces
			14.2.4 Research on bio-inspired icephobic coatings and materials
			14.2.5 Nature-inspired design for abrasion resistance
		14.3 Bio-inspired structural polymers and composites
			14.3.1 Self-healable materials
			14.3.2 Processes to develop self-healing materials
			14.3.3 Lightweight, self-replicating aerospace materials and structures
		14.4 Advanced materials processing technologies
		14.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Fifteen - Space applications for gecko-inspired adhesives
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Physical principles
			15.1.2 Geometry and contact mechanics
			15.1.3 Practical issues to address to enable utilization
		15.2 Materials and adhesive types
			15.2.1 Fibers and hairlike structures
			15.2.2 Lamellae
			15.2.3 Mushroom-shaped pillars
			15.2.4 Directional mushroom pillars
		15.3 Material choices for space applications of dry adhesives
			15.3.1 Silicone rubbers
			15.3.2 Polyurethanes
			15.3.3 Polyimides
			15.3.4 Thermoplastic elastomers
			15.3.5 Fluoroelastomers
			15.3.6 Carbon nanotubes
		15.4 Applications of dry adhesives
			15.4.1 Robot grasping for inspection and manipulation
				15.4.1.1 Rigid Gecko Robot
				15.4.1.2 Whegs and Waalbot concepts
				15.4.1.3 Spider inspired robots
				15.4.1.4 Gecko-inspired adhesives or microspines for climbing
				15.4.1.5 Tank tread climbing robots
			15.4.2 Grasping of satellites and other free flying material
				15.4.2.1 Robotic arms
				15.4.2.2 Use of shape memory alloys
				15.4.2.3 Soft robotics
			15.4.3 Space debris capture
			15.4.4 Wearable adhesives: Durability, types of adhesives, and on–off mechanisms
		15.5 Challenges for dry adhesives specific to space environments
			15.5.1 Outgassing
			15.5.2 Atomic oxygen
			15.5.3 Temperature
			15.5.4 Radiation
		15.6 Summary and conclusions
		References
	Sixteen - Automated electronic integrated circuit manufacturing on the Moon and Mars: Possibilities of the developm ...
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Important steps in semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing
		16.3 Materials required for integrated circuit fabrication: Availability on the Moon and Mars
		16.4 The status of automated semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing
		16.5 Additional technological requirements for establishing automated integrated circuit manufacturing units on the Moon and Mars
		16.6 Possibilities of development of bio-inspired semiconductor technology for space applications
		16.7 Discussion
		16.8 Conclusions
		References
	Seventeen - Smart deployable space structures inspired by nature
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 Deployable structures
			17.1.2 Shape-changing structures
		17.2 Bio-inspired smart structures
			17.2.1 Inspired by nature
				17.2.1.1 Nature\'s deployables
				17.2.1.2 Nature\'s shape-shifters
		17.3 Mechanical analogs
			17.3.1 Deployable cells
			17.3.2 Shape changing structure
			17.3.3 Organism\'s architecture-inspired structure
			17.3.4 Self-folding origami structure
		17.4 Conclusions
		References
Index
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