Biomass Conversion and Sustainable Biorefinery: Towards Circular Bioeconomy (Green Energy and Technology)

Preface
Contents
Current Progress on Biomass Pretreatment: The Key for Its Valorization
	1 Introduction
	2 Pretreatment Methods
		2.1 Physicochemical Pretreatment
		2.2 Liquid-Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment
		2.3 Chemicals Pretreatment and Application of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)
		2.4 Biological Pretreatment
		2.5 Pretreatment of Biomass with High Energy of Radiation
	3 Conclusion
	References
Recent Updates on Biopolymers: Precursors, Process, Properties, Challenge, and Future Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Precursor of Biopolymers
		2.1 Starch
		2.2 Seaweed
		2.3 Plant Oil
		2.4 Others
	3 Production Process
		3.1 Plasticization
		3.2 Polymerization
		3.3 Blending
		3.4 Fermentation
	4 Biobased Polymers
		4.1 Thermoplastic Starch
		4.2 Seaweed Based Polymers
		4.3 Polylactic Acid
		4.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
		4.5 Plant Oil-Based Polymers
	5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	References
Potential Application of Agro-Industrial Byproduct for Bacterial Cellulose Production; Its Challenges and Emerging Trends for Food Packaging
	1 Introduction
	2 Agro-Industrial Wastes for Bacterial Cellulose Production
		2.1 Agro-Wastes
		2.2 Fruit-Food Wastes
		2.3 Food and Beverage Industrial Wastes
		2.4 Others
	3 Bacterial Cellulose and Its Properties
		3.1 Drying of Bacterial Cellulose
		3.2 Bacterial Cellulose-Based Food Packaging
	4 Conclusion
	References
Biomass Valorization for Bioenergy Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Bioenergy from Biomass Resources: Mechanisms and Example
		2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
		2.2 Transesterification
		2.3 Densification
		2.4 Fermentation
		2.5 Thermochemical
	3 Conclusion
	References
Biomass Utilization and Biorefinery By-Product from Palm Oil and Marine Resources for Animal Feed and Feed Additive
	1 Introduction
	2 Biomass and By-Product Characteristic and Potency
	3 Method for Improving Quality
		3.1 By-Product of Palm Oil Processing Industry
		3.2 By-Product from Marine Industry
	4 Feed and Feeding Containing Biomass
		4.1 Direct Effect
		4.2 Indirect Effect
	5 Future Strategy for Biomass Utilization
	6 Conclusion
	References
Aquatic Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery for Value-Added Products
	1 Introduction
	2 Aquatic Biomass as a Bioenergy Feedstock
		2.1 Bio-Oil
		2.2 Biogas
		2.3 Biochar
	3 Thermochemical Process of Aquatic Weeds
		3.1 Torrefaction
		3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
		3.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)
		3.4 Pyrolysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Production of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Biomass and Their Valuable Bioproducts
	1 Introduction
	2 Microalgae Cultivation
		2.1 Open System
		2.2 Photobioreactor System
	3 Harvesting of Microalgae
		3.1 Flocculation
		3.2 Centrifugation
		3.3 Filtration
	4 Bioproducts from Microalgae
		4.1 Biodiesel
		4.2 Bioethanol
		4.3 Biomethane
		4.4 Fine Biochemicals
		4.5 Food and Functional Foods
		4.6 Microalgae for Phytoremediation
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Overview on Managing Minute Duckweed (Lemna Perpusilla Torr) Cultivation for Fish Feed Purpose
	1 Introduction
	2 Minute Duckweed (Lemna Perpusilla Torr.)
	3 Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA)
	4 Experimental for IMTA Implementation
	5 IMTA Criterions
	6 The Economic Potential
	7 Challenges
	8 Conclusion
	References
Structured Lipids Based on Palm Oil
	1 Introduction
	2 Palm Oil
		2.1 General
		2.2 Palm Oil Processing
		2.3 Composition Palm Oil
		2.4 Deterioration of Palm Oil
	3 Structured Lipids
		3.1 Definition
		3.2 Structured Lipid Synthesis
	4 Structured Lipids Based on Palm Oil
	5 Conclusion
	References
Recent Developments of the Agroindustry Byproducts Utilization in Bacterial Cellulose Production and Its Medical Devices Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Bacterial Cellulose
	3 Nutritional Requirements for Bacterial Cellulose Production
	4 Agroindustry Byproducts that Used as Bacterial Cellulose Medium Culture
		4.1 Wine Pomace
		4.2 Carob and Haricot Bean Extracts
		4.3 Mango Variety (Mangifera Indica)
		4.4 Citrus Pulp Waste
		4.5 Corn Stalk
		4.6 Sugarcane Straw
		4.7 Pecan Nutshell
		4.8 Dry Olive Mill Residue
		4.9 Cashew Tree Residues
		4.10 Coffee Cherry Husk
		4.11 Rice Washing Drainage
		4.12 Tobacco Waste Extract
	5 Bacterial Cellulose in Medical Application
		5.1 Wound Dressings
		5.2 Bone Tissue Engineering
		5.3 Dental Implants
		5.4 Vascular Grafts and Artificial Blood Vessels
		5.5 Delivery of Drug and Bioactive Agents
	6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Extraction, Isolation, Purification, and Potential Application of Xylose and Xylooligosaccharides from Lignocellulosic Biomass
	1 Introduction
	2 Sources and Structure of Xylans, XOS, and Xylose
	3 Extraction and Isolation of Xylose and Xylooligosaccharides
		3.1 Acid Hydrolysis Method
		3.2 Alkaline Hydrolysis Method
		3.3 Autohydrolysis Method
		3.4 Combination Hydrolysis (Physical–Chemical Hydrolysis) Method
		3.5 Solvent Hydrolysis Method
		3.6 Inorganic Salts Hydrolysis Method
		3.7 Enzymatic Hydrolysis Method
	4 Purification of Xylose and Xylooligosaccharides
		4.1 Purification of Xylooligosaccharides
		4.2 Purification of Xylose
	5 Potential Applications of Xylose and Xylooligosaccharides
		5.1 Potential Applications of Xylose
		5.2 Potential Applications of XOS
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Carotene Production from Biomass Waste
	1 Introduction
	2 Carotene
	3 Commercial Production of β-Carotene
		3.1 Synthetic Route of β-Carotene Production
		3.2 Natural β-Carotene
	4 Carotene Production from Biomass Waste
		4.1 Empty Fruit Bunch as an Alternative Raw Material for Carotene Production
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Single Clove Black Garlic Extract on Lipid Accumulation During Adipocyte Differentiation Using 3T3-L1 Cell Line
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Preparation of Single Clove Black Garlic (SCBG) Extract
		2.2 Determination of Bioactive Compound
		2.3 Determination of Antibacterial Activity
		2.4 Determination of Antioxidant Activity
		2.5 Cell Culture and Cell Viability Assay
		2.6 Determination of Lipid Accumulation by Oil Red O Staining
		2.7 Statistical Analysis
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Bioactive Compound of Black Garlic
		3.2 Antibacterial Activity
		3.3 Antioxidant Activity
		3.4 Cell Viability
		3.5 Effects of Single Clove Black Garlic on Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Differentiation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Physical and Organoleptic Characteristic of Bread Substituted with Spirulina Platensis
	1 Introduction
	2 Conventional and Alternative Bread Formulations and Methods
	3 Comparison of Spirulina Platensis Components and Their Interaction on Bread Characteristics
		3.1 Effect of Protein on Bread Characteristics
		3.2 The Effect of Spirulina on the Physical Characteristics of Bread
		3.3 The Effect of Spirulina on the Organoleptic Characteristics of Bread
	4 Conclusion
	References