Biomass as energy source: resources, systems and applications

 Content: Part I Biomass resources  1. Introduction and context: global biomass resources - types of biomass, quantities and accessibility. Biomass from agriculture, forestry, energy crops and organic wastes  Erik Dahlquist & Jochen Bundschuh 1.1 Hard facts  1.2 Crops used primarily for food  1.2.1 Soybean  1.2.2 Rice  1.2.3 Wheat (Triticum spp.)  1.2.4 Corn (Zea mays) and cassava  1.2.5 Barley, rye and oats  1.2.6 Oil crops  1.2.7 Sugar cane  1.3 Energy crops  1.3.1 Switch grass  1.3.2 Giant Kings Grass  1.3.3 Hybrid poplar  1.3.4 Other proposed energy crops  1.3.5 Quorn  1.4 Animalian biomass and algae  1.4.1 Animalian food  1.4.2 Algae  1.5 Regional overviews  1.5.1 EU27 - an overall energy balance 1.5.2 China - today and in year 2050  1.5.3 India  1.5.4 USA  1.5.5 Brazil  1.5.6 Africa south of the Sahara  1.6 Other regions  1.7 Global perspective  1.8 Questions for discussion  2. Chemical composition of biomass  Torbjorn A. Lestander 2.1 Introduction  2.1.1 A new biocarbon era  2.1.2 The potential of biomass for energy conversion  2.2 Major components of biomass  2.2.1 Water in biomass  2.2.2 Dry matter content  2.3 Organic matter  2.3.1 Cellulose  2.3.2 Hemicellulose  2.3.3 Lignin  2.3.4 Extractives  2.3.5 Sugars  2.3.6 Starch  2.3.7 Proteins  2.4 Inorganic substances  2.5 Energy content  2.6 Chemical compounds and biomass processing  2.6.1 Drying  2.6.2 Wet processing  2.6.3 Health aspects  2.6.4 Bulk handling  2.6.5 Heat treatment of biomass  2.7 Conclusion  2.8 Questions for discussion  3. Characterization of biomass using instruments - Measurement of forest and crop residues  Robert Aulin 3.1 Introduction  3.2 Quality aspects and sources of variation  3.2.1 Volume, weight and moisture content  3.2.2 Calorific value  3.2.3 Other parameters  3.3 The fuel chain and its impact on the moisture content  3.3.1 The fuel chain  3.3.2 Sources of variation in moisture content  3.3.2.1 The forest  3.3.2.2 Terminal storage  3.3.2.3 Transport  3.3.2.4 Site storage and fuel handling  3.4 Moisture measurement  3.4.1 Gravimetric moisture measurement  3.4.1.1 The gravimetric method  3.4.1.2 Sampling  3.4.1.3 Practical illustration  3.4.2 Instrumental methods  3.4.2.1 Introduction  3.4.2.2 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)  3.4.2.3 Microwave spectroscopy (RF)  3.4.2.4 X-ray spectroscopy  3.4.2.5 Method selection 3.5 Practical applications for moisture data  3.5.1 Real-time measurement  3.5.2 Price settlement  3.5.3 Logistics  3.5.4 Fuel mixing 3.5.5 Boiler control  3.6 Future perspectives  4. Bioenergy in Brazil - from traditional to modern systems  Semida Silveira 4.1 From developing country to leading economy  4.2 From traditional fuelwood to multiple bioenergy systems  4.3 Forest-based biomass in Brazil  4.3.1 Fuel wood and charcoal - traditional uses of biomass in Brazil  4.4 Biofuels for transport  4.4.1 The development of modern bioethanol production  4.4.2 The development of biodiesel production  4.5 Bioenergy - opportunities for sustainable development  5. Biomass in different biotopes - an extensive resource  Erik Dahlquist & Jochen Bundschuh 5.1 Bioenergy in northern Europe  5.1.1 Different biotopes  5.2 Bioenergy in southern Europe  5.3 Biomass in the tropics  5.4 Questions for discussions  6. Organic waste as a biomass resource  Eva Thorin, Thorsten Ahrens, Elias Hakalehto & Ari Jaaskelainen 6.1 Introduction  6.2 Pre-treatment  6.2.1 Examples of pre-treatment  6.3 Biogas production  6.3.1 Basics of the biogas process  6.3.2 Technical background for waste-to-biogas utilization strategies  6.3.3 Results from waste digestion  6.3.4 Example for a local implementation strategy  6.4 Combustion of waste  6.4.1 Technical background  6.4.2 Examples of combustion of waste  6.4.3 Development considerations  6.5 Examples of use of organic waste in other conversion processes  6.5.1 Ethanol and butanol from organic waste  6.5.2 Hydrothermal carbonization of organic waste fractions  6.5.2.1 HTC reactions  6.5.2.2 Substrates  6.5.2.3 HTC of a selected biowaste substrate  6.5.3 Pyrolysis and gasification of organic waste  6.6 Questions for discussion   Part II Systems utilizing biomass - system optimization  7. System aspects of biomass use in complex applications: biorefineries for production of heat, electric power and chemicals  Erik Dahlquist & Jochen Bundschuh 7.1 Traditional use of wood  7.2 Use of waste and wood for chemicals  7.3 Use of herbs for medical and other applications  8. Biorefineries using wood for production of speciality cellulose fibers, lignosulfonates, vanillin, bioethanol and biogas - the Borregaard Sarpsborg example  Stefan Backa, Martin Andresen & Trond Rojahn 8.1 Introduction  8.2 The borregaard sarpsborg biorefinery of today  8.2.1 Lignocellulosic crops and residues  8.2.2 Biomaterials, specialty celluloses  8.2.3 Bioethanol  8.2.4 Biomaterials, lignosulfonates  8.2.5 Food/chemicals, vanillin  8.3 Energy  8.4 Environment  8.5 The future  8.6 Conclusion  9. Biorefineries using crops for production of ethanol, biogas and chemicals - a largescale demonstration in Nanyang, Henan province, China of the bio-ethanol industry under Tianguan recycling economic mode  Du Feng-Guang & FengWensheng 9.1 Introduction  9.2 Domestic and international background and conditions related this case study  9.3 Qualitative analysis of the case study  9.3.1 The scope of the case study  9.3.2 Description of the basic characteristics of the case study  9.3.3 The recycling economic diagram and its analysis of this case  9.4 Quantitative analysis of this case study  9.4.1 Changes in four major indicator systems  9.5 Energy flow analysis  9.5.1 The diagram of system general material flow  9.6 General material flow analysis  9.6.1 Analysis of systems group diversion  9.7 System improvements  9.8 Conclusion  10. Bioenergy polygeneration, carbon capture and storage related to the pulp and paper industry and power plants  Jinyue Yan, Muhammad Raza Naqvi & Erik Dahlquist 10.1 Introduction  10.2 Biorefinery systems in the pulp industry  10.2.1 Black liquor gasification (BLG) based biofuel production  10.2.2 Black liquor gasification-based power generation  10.3 Biofuel upgrading with pellet production  10.4 Performance and sustainability analysis  10.4.1 Performance of BLG-based biofuel production  10.4.2 Performance of BLG-based electricity generation  10.4.3 Performance of pellet production system  10.5 Bioenergy systems and CCS potential  10.5.1 BLG systems with CCS  10.6 Conclusions  11. Biofuels and green aviation  Emily Nelson 11.1 Introduction  11.2 Aviation fuel requirements  11.2.1 Jet fuel specifications  11.2.2 Alternative jet fuel specifications  11.3 Fuel properties  11.3.1 Effect of composition on fuel properties  11.3.2 Emissions  11.4 Biofuel feedstocks for aviation fuels  11.4.1 Crop production for oil from seeds  11.4.2 Crop production for oil from algae  11.5 Manufacturing stages  11.5.1 Dewatering, crude oil extraction and pre-processing  11.5.2 Transesterification  11.5.3 Hydroprocessing  11.5.4 Other strategies  11.5.5 Co-products  11.6 Life cycle assessment  11.7 Conclusions  12. Pulp and paper industry - trends for the future  Erik Dahlquist & Jochen Bundschuh 13. Biorefineries using waste - production of energy and chemicals from biomasses by micro-organisms  Elias Hakalehto, Ari Jaaskelainen, Tarmo Humppi & Lauri Heitto 13.1 Introduction  13.2 Sustainable production of fuels and chemicals from wastes and other biomasses  13.2.1 Circulation of matter and chemical energy in microbiological processes  13.3 Replacing fossil fuels by the biomasses as raw materials  13.4 Microbes carry out the reactions with energetically feasible biocatalysis 13.4.1 Ecological thinking based on understanding microscopic interactions  13.4.2 Air and water pollution diminished by natural processes  13.5 Transport of fuels and chemicals less abundant and risky when local sources are exploited  13.6 Beneficial impact on the socio-economic structures of the new, small or medium sized bioindustries  13.7 Biomass and raw materials  13.7.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules  13.7.2 Hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin  13.7.3 Starch and other saccharides from food industry by-streams and agriculture  13.7.4 Industrial waste biomasses  13.7.5 Municipal waste and waste water utilization  13.7.6 Removal of harmful substances  13.8 Fermentation processes and bioreactor design revolutionized  13.8.1 Increased productivity lowers the cost of bioreactor construction and downstream processes  13.8.2 PMEU (Portable Microbe Enrichment Unit) used for process simulation  13.8.3 Anaerobiosis made efficient  13.8.4 Some exploitable biochemical pathways of bacteria and other microbes  13.8.5 Mixed cultures in bioengineering  13.8.6 Novel principles for the planning of unit operations for bulk production  13.9 Thermophilic processes  13.10 Volatile products  13.11 Differences between chemical technologies and biotechnical process solutions  13.12 Biorefinery concept evaluation  13.12.1 New ideas on materials: all process wastes serve as raw materials in nature  13.12.2 Multiple uses of the production equipment  13.12.3 Plant nutrition and agriculture connected with bioindustries  13.12.4 Local products of microbial metabolism with global impacts  13.13 Conclusions  14. Concluding remarks and perspectives on the future of energy systems using biomass  Erik Dahlquist, Elias Hakalehto & Semida Silveira Subject index