Biology: The Dynamic Science, Volume 2

Title Page......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
Contents......Page 14
19 Development of Evolutionary Thought......Page 19
19.1 Recognition of Evolutionary Change......Page 20
19.2 Darwin's Journeys......Page 23
19.3 Evolutionary Biology since Darwin......Page 29
20 Microevolution: Genetic Changes within Populations......Page 37
20.1 Variation in Natural Populations......Page 38
20.2 Population Genetics......Page 41
20.3 The Agents of Microevolution......Page 43
20.4 Maintaining Genetic and Phenotypic Variation......Page 53
20.5 Adaptation and Evolutionary Constraints......Page 55
21 Speciation......Page 61
21.1 What Is a Species?......Page 62
21.2 Maintaining Reproductive Isolation......Page 65
21.3 The Geography of Speciation......Page 67
21.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Speciation......Page 72
22 Paleobiology and Macroevolution......Page 81
22.1 The Fossil Record......Page 82
22.2 Earth History, Biogeography, and Convergent Evolution......Page 87
22.3 Interpreting Evolutionary Lineages......Page 91
22.4 Macroevolutionary Trends in Morphology......Page 95
22.5 Macroevolutionary Trends in Biodiversity......Page 98
22.6 Evolutionary Developmental Biology......Page 101
23 Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification......Page 109
23.1 Systematic Biology: An Overview......Page 110
23.2 The Linnaean System of Taxonomy......Page 111
23.3 Organismal Traits as Systematic Characters......Page 112
23.4 Evaluating Systematic Characters......Page 113
23.5 Phylogenetic Inference and Classification......Page 115
23.6 Molecular Phylogenetics......Page 119
24 The Origin of Life......Page 129
24.1 The Formation of Molecules Necessary for Life......Page 130
24.2 The Origin of Cells......Page 133
24.3 The Origins of Eukaryotic Cells......Page 137
25 Prokaryotes and Viruses......Page 143
25.1 Prokaryotic Structure and Function......Page 144
25.2 The Domain Bacteria......Page 152
25.3 The Domain Archaea......Page 155
25.4 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions......Page 158
26 Protists......Page 167
26.1 What Is a Protist?......Page 168
26.2 The Protist Groups......Page 171
27 Plants......Page 193
27.1 The Transition to Life on Land......Page 194
27.2 Bryophytes: Nonvascular Land Plants......Page 199
27.3 Seedless Vascular Plants......Page 203
27.4 Gymnosperms: The First Seed Plants......Page 208
27.5 Angiosperms: Flowering Plants......Page 213
28 Fungi......Page 223
28.1 General Characteristics of Fungi......Page 224
28.2 Major Groups of Fungi......Page 228
28.3 Fungal Associations......Page 238
29 Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes......Page 245
29.1 What Is an Animal?......Page 246
29.2 Key Innovations in Animal Evolution......Page 247
29.3 An Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Classification......Page 251
29.4 Animals without Tissues: Parazoa......Page 253
29.5 Eumetazoans with Radial Symmetry......Page 254
29.6 Lophotrochozoan Protostomes......Page 259
29.7 Ecdysozoan Protostomes......Page 271
30 Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives......Page 285
30.1 Invertebrate Deuterostomes......Page 286
30.2 Overview of the Phylum Chordata......Page 289
30.3 The Origin and Diversification of Vertebrates......Page 292
30.4 Agnathans: Hag. shes and Lampreys, Conodonts and Ostracoderms......Page 295
30.5 Jawed Fishes......Page 296
30.6 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians......Page 301
30.7 The Origin and Mesozoic Radiations of Amniotes......Page 304
30.8 Testudines: Turtles......Page 306
30.9 Living Nonfeathered Diapsids: Sphenodontids, Squamates, and Crocodilians......Page 307
30.10 Aves: Birds......Page 310
30.11 Mammalia: Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals......Page 313
30.12 Nonhuman Primates......Page 315
30.13 The Evolution of Humans......Page 320
49 Population Ecology......Page 329
49.1 The Science of Ecology......Page 330
49.2 Population Characteristics......Page 331
49.3 Demography......Page 333
49.4 The Evolution of Life Histories......Page 336
49.5 Models of Population Growth......Page 337
49.6 Population Regulation......Page 343
49.7 Human Population Growth......Page 349
50 Population Interactions and Community Ecology......Page 355
50.1 Population Interactions......Page 356
50.2 The Nature of Ecological Communities......Page 364
50.3 Community Characteristics......Page 367
50.4 Effects of Population Interactions on Community Characteristics......Page 370
50.5 Effects of Disturbance on Community Characteristics......Page 371
50.6 Ecological Succession: Responses to Disturbance......Page 374
50.7 Variations in Species Richness among Communities......Page 378
51 Ecosystems......Page 385
51.1 Energy Flow and Ecosystem Energetics......Page 386
51.2 Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems......Page 395
51.3 Ecosystem Modeling......Page 403
52 The Biosphere......Page 407
52.1 Environmental Diversity of the Biosphere......Page 409
52.2 Organismal Responses to Environmental Variation......Page 413
52.3 Terrestrial Biomes......Page 415
52.4 Freshwater Biomes......Page 423
52.5 Marine Biomes......Page 425
53 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology......Page 433
53.1 The Benefits of Biodiversity......Page 434
53.2 The Biodiversity Crisis......Page 436
53.3 Biodiversity Hotspots......Page 443
53.4 Conservation Biology: Principles and Theory......Page 445
53.5 Conservation Biology: Practical Strategies and Economic Tools......Page 451
54 The Physiology and Genetics of Animal Behavior......Page 457
54.1 Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Behavior......Page 458
54.2 Instinctive Behaviors......Page 459
54.3 Learned Behaviors......Page 461
54.4 The Neurophysiological Control of Behavior......Page 463
54.5 Hormones and Behavior......Page 464
54.6 Nervous System Anatomy and Behavior......Page 467
55 The Ecology and Evolution of Animal Behavior......Page 473
55.1 Migration and Way finding......Page 474
55.2 Habitat Selection and Territoriality......Page 478
55.3 The Evolution of Communication......Page 480
55.4 The Evolution of Reproductive Behavior and Mating Systems......Page 483
55.5 The Evolution of Social Behavior......Page 485
55.6 An Evolutionary View of Human Social Behavior......Page 489
Appendix A: Answers......Page 495
Appendix B: Classification......Page 505
Appendix C: Annotations to a Journal Article......Page 509
Glossary......Page 517
Credits......Page 531
Index......Page 535