Biology: The Dynamic Science, Vol. 1, 2nd Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
New to This Edition......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 22
Contents......Page 28
1 Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research......Page 33
Life on Earth Exists at Several Levels of Organization, Each with Its Own Emergent Properties......Page 34
Living Organisms Contain Chemical Instructions That Govern Their Structure and Function......Page 35
Living Organisms Compensate for Changes in the External Environment......Page 36
Living Organisms Reproduce and Many Undergo Development......Page 37
1.2 Biological Evolution......Page 38
Adaptations Enable Organisms to Survive and Reproduce in the Environments Where They Live......Page 39
1.3 Biodiversity and the Tree of Life......Page 40
Three Domains and Several Kingdoms Form the Major Trunks and Branches on the Tree of Life......Page 41
Biologists Confront the Unknown by Conducting Basic and Applied Research......Page 44
Researchers Often Test Hypotheses with Controlled Experiments......Page 45
2 Life, Chemistry, and Water......Page 54
2.1 The Organization of Matter: Elements and Atoms......Page 55
2.2 Atomic Structure......Page 56
2.3 Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions......Page 60
2.4 Hydrogen Bonds and the Properties of Water......Page 64
2.5 Water Ionization and Acids, Bases, and Buffers......Page 68
Focus on Applied Research: Using Radioisotopes to Trace Reactions and Save Lives......Page 58
3 Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds of Life......Page 74
3.1 Formation and Modification of Biological Molecules......Page 75
3.2 Carbohydrates......Page 79
3.3 Lipids......Page 82
3.4 Proteins......Page 87
3.5 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids......Page 95
Focus on Applied Research: Fats, Cholesterol, and Coronary Artery Disease......Page 84
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: A Big Bang in Protein Structure Evolution: How did the domain organization in proteins evolve?......Page 94
4 Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions......Page 102
4.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 103
4.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions......Page 105
4.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell......Page 107
4.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions......Page 109
4.5 Conditions and Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity......Page 111
4.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes......Page 115
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Ribozymes: Can RNA catalyze peptide bond formation in protein synthesis?......Page 116
5 The Cell: An Overview......Page 120
5.1 Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function......Page 121
5.2 Prokaryotic Cells......Page 125
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: An Old Kingdom in a New Domain: Do archaeans define a distinct domain of life?......Page 126
5.4 Specialized Structures of Plant Cells......Page 140
5.5 The Animal Cell Surface......Page 142
6 Membranes and Transport......Page 148
6.1 Membrane Structure and Function......Page 149
6.2 Functions of Membranes in Transport: Passive Transport......Page 154
6.3 Passive Water Transport and Osmosis......Page 156
6.4 Active Transport......Page 159
6.5 Exocytosis and Endocytosis......Page 162
Focus on Basic Research: Keeping Membranes Fluid at Cold Temperatures......Page 152
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Research Serendipity: The discovery of receptor-mediated endocytosis......Page 164
7 Cell Communication......Page 169
7.1 Cell Communication: An Overview......Page 170
7.2 Cell Communication Systems with Surface Receptors......Page 172
7.3 Surface Receptors with Built-In Protein Kinase Activity: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases......Page 175
7.4 G-Protein–Coupled Receptors......Page 176
7.5 Pathways Triggered by Internal Receptors: Steroid Hormone Receptors......Page 182
7.6 Integration of Cell Communication Pathways......Page 183
Focus on Basic Research: Detecting Calcium Release in Cells......Page 179
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Virus Infections and Cell Signaling Pathways: Does influenza virus propagation involve a cellular MAP kinase cascade?......Page 181
8 Harvesting Chemical Energy: Cellular Respiration......Page 187
8.1 Overview of Cellular Energy Metabolism......Page 188
8.2 Glycolysis: Splitting the Sugar in Half......Page 191
8.3 Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle......Page 194
8.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Electron Transfer System and Chemiosmosis......Page 197
8.5 Fermentation......Page 202
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Hot Potatoes: Do plants use uncoupling proteins to generate heat?......Page 203
9 Photosynthesis......Page 208
9.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview......Page 209
9.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis......Page 211
9.3 The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis......Page 218
9.4 Photorespiration and Alternative Processes of Carbon Fixation......Page 223
9.5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Compared......Page 227
Focus on Basic Research: Two-Dimensional Paper Chromatography and the Calvin Cycle......Page 220
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Small but Pushy: What is the function of the small subunit of rubisco?......Page 222
10 Cell Division and Mitosis......Page 231
10.1 The Cycle of Cell Growth and Division: An Overview......Page 232
10.2 The Mitotic Cell Cycle......Page 233
10.3 Formation and Action of the Mitotic Spindle......Page 238
10.4 Cell Cycle Regulation......Page 240
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Herpesviruses and Uncontrolled Cell Division: How does herpesvirus 8 transform normal cells into cancer cells?......Page 246
Focus on Model Research Organisms: The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae......Page 243
11 Meiosis: The Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction......Page 251
11.1 The Mechanisms of Meiosis......Page 252
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Meiosis and Mammalian Gamete Formation: What determines whether an egg or a sperm will form?......Page 257
11.3 The Time and Place of Meiosis in Organismal Life Cycles......Page 261
12 Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance......Page 266
12.1 The Beginnings of Genetics: Mendel’s Garden Peas......Page 267
12.2 Later Modifications and Additions to Mendel’s Hypotheses......Page 279
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Mendel’s Dwarf Pea Plants: How does a gene defect produce dwarfing?......Page 278
13 Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics......Page 288
13.1 Genetic Linkage and Recombination......Page 289
13.2 Sex-Linked Genes......Page 293
13.3 Chromosomal Mutations That Affect Inheritance......Page 299
13.4 Human Genetics and Genetic Counseling......Page 303
13.5 Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance......Page 307
Focus on Model Research Organisms: The Marvelous Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster......Page 296
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Achondroplasia: What is the gene defect that is responsible for the trait?......Page 305
14 DNA Structure, Replication, and Organization......Page 313
14.1 Establishing DNA as the Hereditary Molecule......Page 314
14.2 DNA Structure......Page 316
14.3 DNA Replication......Page 319
14.4 Mechanisms That Correct Replication Errors......Page 330
14.5 DNA Organization in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes......Page 331
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: A Fragile Connection between DNA Replication and Mental Retardation: What is the molecular basis for fragile X syndrome?......Page 327
15 From DNA to Protein......Page 337
15.1 The Connection between DNA, RNA, and Protein......Page 338
15.2 Transcription: DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis......Page 342
15.3 Production of mRNAs in Eukaryotes......Page 345
15.4 Translation: mRNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis......Page 347
15.5 Genetic Changes That Affect Protein Structure and Function......Page 357
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Peptidyl Transferase: Protein or RNA?......Page 353
16 Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 365
16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes......Page 366
16.2 Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes......Page 371
16.3 Posttranscriptional, Translational, and Posttranslational Regulation......Page 377
16.4 Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Development......Page 380
16.5 The Genetics of Cancer......Page 386
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: A Viral Tax on Transcriptional Regulation: How does human T-cell leukemia virus cause cancer?......Page 387
17 Bacterial and Viral Genetics......Page 394
Focus on Model Research Organisms: Escherichia coli......Page 395
17.2 Viruses and Viral Genetics......Page 402
17.3 Viroids and Prions, Infectious Agents Lacking Protein Coats......Page 411
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Reversing the Central Dogma: How do RNA tumor viruses replicate their genomes?......Page 409
18 DNA Technologies and Genomics......Page 415
18.1 DNA Cloning......Page 416
18.2 Applications of DNA Technologies......Page 422
18.3 Genome Analysis......Page 435
Insights from the Molecular Revolution: Rice Blight: Engineering rice for resistance to the disease......Page 434
Appendix A: Answers......Page 447
Appendix B: Classification System......Page 459
Glossary......Page 463
Index......Page 481