Biology: Science for Life with Physiology

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Contents......Page 13
 Introduction to the Scientific Method......Page 34
  The Nature of Hypotheses......Page 35
  Scientific Theories......Page 36
  The Logic of Hypothesis Tests......Page 37
 1.2. Hypothesis Testing......Page 39
  Controlled Experiments......Page 41
  Minimizing Bias in Experimental Design......Page 43
  Using Correlation to Test Hypotheses......Page 44
  What Statistical Tests Can Tell Us......Page 48
  Factors that Influence Statistical Significance......Page 49
  What Statistical Tests Cannot Tell Us......Page 51
  Primary Sources......Page 52
  Science in the News......Page 53
  Understanding Science from Secondary Sources......Page 54
  Is There a Cure for the Common Cold?......Page 55
 The Big Question: How Do I Know What to Believe?......Page 56
 Chapter Review......Page 58
 Water, Biochemistry, and Cells......Page 62
 2.1. A Definition of Life......Page 63
  The Structure of Water......Page 64
  Water Is a Good Solvent......Page 65
  The Drinking-Water Hypothesis Requires More Substantiation......Page 66
  Chemical Bonds......Page 67
  The Bermuda Triangle Revisited......Page 68
  Carbohydrates......Page 69
  Lipids......Page 70
  Nucleic Acids......Page 71
  Dietary Macromolecules and Behavior......Page 73
 2.5. An Introduction to Evolutionary Theory......Page 74
 The Big Question: Does Balanced Reporting Help us Draw More Accurate Conclusions?......Page 76
 Chapter Review......Page 78
 Nutrients and Membrane Transport......Page 81
  Macronutrients......Page 82
  Micronutrients......Page 85
  Antioxidants......Page 88
  Plasma Membrane......Page 89
  Subcellular Structures......Page 90
 3.3. Transport Across Membranes......Page 93
  Active Transport: Pumping Substances across the Membrane......Page 94
  Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Movement of Large Molecules across the Membrane......Page 95
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 96
 The Big Question: Should I Routinely use Detox Products?......Page 97
 Chapter Review......Page 98
 Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration......Page 101
  Enzymes......Page 102
  Metabolism......Page 103
  Structure and Function of ATP......Page 104
  Cellular Respiration......Page 106
  Stages of Cellular Respiration......Page 107
  Metabolism of Other Nutrients......Page 109
 4.3. Body Weight and Health......Page 110
  Underweight Is Unhealthy......Page 111
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 113
 The Big Question: How Unhealthy is Anorexia?......Page 114
 Chapter Review......Page 115
 Photosynthesis and Climate Change......Page 118
  Earth Is a Greenhouse......Page 119
  Water, Heat, and Temperature......Page 120
 5.2. The Flow of Carbon......Page 122
  Chloroplasts: The Site of Photosynthesis......Page 125
  The Process of Photosynthesis......Page 126
 5.4. How High Temperatures Might Reduce Photosynthesis......Page 129
 5.5. How We Can Slow Global Climate Change......Page 131
 The Big Question: Should Global Warming be Kept Below 4°C?......Page 134
 Chapter Review......Page 135
 DNA Synthesis and Mitosis......Page 139
  Risk Factors for Cancer......Page 140
 6.2. Passing Genes and Chromosomes to Daughter Cells......Page 142
  DNA Replication......Page 143
  Interphase......Page 145
  Mitosis......Page 146
  Cytokinesis......Page 148
  Tumor Suppressors Help Prevent Cancer......Page 149
  Cancer Detection......Page 150
  Cancer Treatment......Page 151
 The Big Question: Can I Prevent Myself from Getting Cancer?......Page 152
 Chapter Review......Page 153
 Meiosis and Human Reproduction......Page 156
 7.1. Producing Sperm and Eggs: Meiosis......Page 157
  Meiosis I......Page 159
  Meiosis II......Page 161
 7.2. Problems with Meiosis and Lowered Fertility......Page 163
  Male Reproductive Anatomy......Page 164
  Female Reproductive Anatomy......Page 166
 The Big Question: Does Marijuana use Impair Fertility?......Page 169
 Chapter Review......Page 170
 Mendelian Genetics......Page 173
 8.1. The Inheritance of Traits......Page 174
  Genes and Chromosomes......Page 175
  Producing Diversity in Offspring......Page 176
 8.2. Basic Mendelian Genetics: When the Role of Genes Is Clear......Page 180
  Genotype and Phenotype......Page 181
  Genetic Diseases in Humans......Page 182
  Using Punnett Squares to Predict Offspring Genotypes......Page 184
 8.3. Extensions of Mendelian Genetics......Page 187
  Sex Determination and X-Linkage......Page 189
  Pedigrees......Page 190
 The Big Question: Should There be Universal Screening for Killer Diseases?......Page 193
 Chapter Review......Page 194
 Complex Genetic Traits, Heritability, and DNA Profiling......Page 198
  Polygenic Traits......Page 199
  Quantitative Traits......Page 200
  Studying Nature versus Nurture......Page 202
  The Use and Misuse of Heritability......Page 204
  Implicit Bias......Page 207
  Polymerase Chain Reaction......Page 208
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 210
 The Big Question: Should the Death Penalty be Abolished in the United States?......Page 211
 Chapter Review......Page 212
 Gene Expression, Mutation, Stem Cells, and Cloning......Page 215
  From Gene to Protein......Page 216
  Translation......Page 218
  Mutations......Page 222
  Gene Expression......Page 223
  Cloning a Gene Using Bacteria......Page 224
 10.3. Genetically Modified Plants and Animals......Page 226
  Modifying Crop Plants......Page 227
  Modifying Animals......Page 228
  Gene Editing Using CRISPR in Plants and Animals......Page 229
  Stem Cells......Page 230
  Gene Therapy......Page 231
  Cloning Humans......Page 232
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 233
 The Big Question: Should Anti-GMO Activists Give up the Fight?......Page 234
 Chapter Review......Page 235
 The Evidence for Evolution......Page 238
  The Process of Evolution......Page 239
  The Theory of Evolution......Page 240
  Early Views of Evolution......Page 242
  The Voyage of the Beagle......Page 243
  Developing the Hypothesis of Common Descent......Page 244
  Alternative Ideas on the Origins and Relationships among Organisms......Page 245
  Linnaean Classification......Page 247
  Anatomical Homology......Page 250
  Developmental Homologies......Page 251
  Molecular Homology......Page 252
  Biogeography......Page 254
  The Fossil Record......Page 255
 11.4. Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid?......Page 260
  The Best Scientific Explanation for the Diversity of Life......Page 263
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 264
 The Big Question: Should High School Biology Teachers be Required to “Teach the Controversy”?......Page 265
 Chapter Review......Page 266
 Natural Selection......Page 270
  What Is Tuberculosis?......Page 271
  Treatment—and Treatment Failure......Page 272
 12.2. Natural Selection Causes Evolution......Page 273
  Darwin’s Observations......Page 274
  Testing Natural Selection......Page 277
  The Modern Synthesis......Page 280
  The Subtleties of Natural Selection......Page 281
  Patterns of Selection......Page 282
  Tuberculosis Fits Darwin’s Observations......Page 284
  Selecting for Drug Resistance......Page 285
  Stopping Drug Resistance......Page 286
  Can Natural Selection Save Us from Superbugs?......Page 287
 The Big Question: Should I Stop Purchasing Meats that are Raised using Antibiotics?......Page 289
 Chapter Review......Page 291
 Speciation and Macroevolution......Page 294
  The Biological Species Concept......Page 295
  Isolation and Divergence of Gene Pools......Page 298
  The Evolution of Reproductive Isolation......Page 300
 13.2. Are Human Races Biological?......Page 302
  The Morphological Species Concept......Page 303
  Modern Humans: A History......Page 304
  Genetic Evidence of Divergence......Page 305
  Human Races Are Not Isolated Biological Groups......Page 306
  Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated......Page 309
  Natural Selection......Page 310
  Convergent Evolution......Page 311
  Genetic Drift......Page 313
  Sexual Selection......Page 315
  Assortative Mating......Page 316
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 317
 The Big Question: Are Affirmative Action Policies that Favor Black Students Applying for College Admission Good Public Policy?......Page 318
 Chapter Review......Page 319
 Biodiversity and Classification......Page 323
  How Many Species Exist?......Page 324
  Domains of Life......Page 326
  The Domains Bacteria and Archaea......Page 330
  The Origin of the Domain Eukarya......Page 332
  The Protista......Page 333
  Kingdom Animalia......Page 334
  Kingdom Fungi......Page 339
  Kingdom Plantae......Page 342
  Not Quite Living: Viruses......Page 345
  Reconstructing Evolutionary History......Page 346
  The Greatest Species on Earth......Page 348
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 349
 The Big Question: Should Lab Mice and Rats have the same Rights as other Nonhuman Animals?......Page 350
 Chapter Review......Page 351
 Population Ecology......Page 355
  Population Structure......Page 356
  Exponential Population Growth......Page 357
  The Demographic Transition......Page 359
 15.2. Limits to Population Growth......Page 360
  Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth......Page 361
  Earth’s Carrying Capacity for Humans......Page 362
 15.3. The Future of the Human Population......Page 364
  A Possible Population Crash?......Page 365
  Avoiding Disaster......Page 366
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 368
 The Big Question: Should the International Community Continue to Provide Food aid to Populations Experiencing Food Crises?......Page 369
 Chapter Review......Page 370
 Community and Ecosystem Ecology......Page 373
  Measuring Extinction Rates......Page 374
  Causes of Extinction......Page 376
  Loss of Resources......Page 382
  Predation, Mutualism, and Competition......Page 383
  Energy and Chemical Flows......Page 389
  Psychological Effects......Page 391
  Protecting Habitat......Page 392
  Small Populations Are Vulnerable......Page 394
  Conservation Genetics......Page 395
  Protecting Biodiversity versus Meeting Human Needs......Page 398
 The Big Question: Is Wind Power Good or Bad for Birds?......Page 400
 Chapter Review......Page 402
 Climate and Biomes......Page 405
 17.1. Climate Determines Habitability......Page 406
  Global Temperature and Precipitation Patterns......Page 408
  Local Influences on Climate......Page 410
 17.2. Terrestrial Biomes and the Human Footprint......Page 412
  Desert......Page 415
  Forests and Shrublands......Page 416
  Grasslands......Page 419
  Freshwater......Page 420
  Saltwater......Page 423
 The Big Question: Can my Actions make a Difference on Global Environmental Issues?......Page 427
 Chapter Review......Page 429
 Tissues and Organs......Page 432
  Epithelial Tissue......Page 433
  Connective Tissue......Page 434
  Muscle Tissue......Page 436
  Nervous Tissue......Page 437
  Tissue Donation......Page 438
 18.2. Organs and Organ Systems......Page 439
  Positive Feedback......Page 442
  Growing and Printing Replacement Organs......Page 443
  Organ Donation Saves Lives......Page 444
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 445
 The Big Question: Should Kidney Donors be Financially Compensated?......Page 446
 Chapter Review......Page 447
 The Digestive and Urinary Systems......Page 450
  Mechanical and Chemical Breakdown of Food......Page 451
  Absorption of Digested Foods......Page 454
  Kidney Structure and Function......Page 455
  Engaging Safely with Alcohol......Page 458
 The Big Question: Does Alcohol Make Men More Likely to Commit Sexual Assault?......Page 460
 Chapter Review......Page 462
 Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems......Page 464
 20.1. Effects of Smoke on the Respiratory System......Page 465
  What Happens When You Take a Breath?......Page 467
  Gas Exchange......Page 469
  Smoke Particles and Lung Function......Page 470
 20.2. Spreading the Effects of Smoke: The Cardiovascular System......Page 472
  Structure of the Cardiovascular System......Page 473
  Movement of Materials through the Cardiovascular System......Page 477
  Smoke and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 479
  The Precautionary Principle in Public Health......Page 480
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 481
 The Big Question: Should Marijuana be Legalized?......Page 482
 Chapter Review......Page 483
 Immune System, Bacteria, Viruses, and Other Pathogens......Page 486
  Bacteria......Page 487
  Viruses......Page 490
  Eukaryotic Pathogens......Page 493
  First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes......Page 494
  Second Line of Defense: Phagocytes and Macrophages, Inflammation, Defensive Proteins, and Fever......Page 495
  Third Line of Defense: Lymphocytes......Page 496
  Cell-Mediated and Antibody-Mediated Immunity......Page 499
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 501
 The Big Question: Why are Females Vaccinated Against Human Papilloma Virus more Often than Males?......Page 502
 Chapter Review......Page 503
 Endocrine, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems......Page 506
  Hormones......Page 507
  Endocrine Glands......Page 508
 22.2. The Skeletal System......Page 510
  Bone Structure and Remodeling......Page 511
  Sex Differences in Bone Structure......Page 512
  Muscle Structure and Contraction......Page 514
 22.4. Other Biology-Based Sex Differences......Page 516
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 518
 The Big Question: Is Sex Selection an Acceptable Practice?......Page 519
 Chapter Review......Page 520
 Developmental Biology, Menstruation, Birth Control, and Pregnancy......Page 523
  Fertilization......Page 524
  Embryonic Development......Page 525
  Development of the Brain When Zika Is Present......Page 526
  The Menstrual Cycle......Page 527
  Birth Control Methods......Page 528
 23.3. Pregnancy and Childbirth......Page 533
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 535
 The Big Question: When Does Human Life Begin?......Page 536
 Chapter Review......Page 537
 Brain Structure and Function......Page 540
  Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems......Page 541
  The Senses......Page 542
  Amphetamines Effects......Page 544
 24.2. The Human Brain......Page 546
  Thalamus and Hypothalamus......Page 547
  Cerebellum and Brain Stem......Page 548
  Neuron Structure and Function......Page 549
  Nonmedical Use of ADD Medications......Page 552
  Consequences of Using Nonprescribed ADD Medications......Page 553
 The Big Question: Is Drug Addiction a Disease of the Brain?......Page 556
 Chapter Review......Page 558
 Plant Structure and Growth......Page 561
  The Evolution of Agriculture: Food Plant Diversity......Page 562
  Plant Structure......Page 564
  Plant Reproduction......Page 566
  How Plants Grow......Page 570
  Maximizing Plant Growth: Water, Nutrients, and Pest Control......Page 573
  Designing Better Plants: Hybrids and Genetic Engineering......Page 579
  Modern Agriculture Causes Environmental Damage......Page 580
  How to Reduce the Damage......Page 583
 The Big Question: Should I Purchase Organically Grown Foods?......Page 588
 Chapter Review......Page 590
 Plant Physiology......Page 593
  Transpiration......Page 594
  Adaptations That Affect Transpiration......Page 596
  Water Inside Plant Cells......Page 599
  Translocation of Sugars and Nutrients......Page 601
  Managing Translocation......Page 602
  Photoperiodism......Page 603
  Tropisms......Page 606
  Hormones......Page 607
  We Are All Gardeners......Page 608
 Sounds Right, But Is It?......Page 609
 The Big Question: Should I Rip Out My Lawn?......Page 610
 Chapter Review......Page 611
Appendix: Metric System Conversions......Page 615
Answers......Page 617
Glossary......Page 641
Credits......Page 663
Index......Page 667
Back Cover......Page 688