Biology of the Invertebrates

Cover
Title
Copyright
List of Research Focus Boxes
Expanded Contents
Preface/Introduction
Guide to the Major Animal Groups
The Geologic Time Scale
1 Introduction and Environmental Considerations
	Introduction: The Importance of Research on Invertebrates
	Environmental Considerations
	Air Is Dry, Water Is Wet
	Water Is the "Universal Solvent"
	Water Absorbs Light
	Water Is Denser than Air
	Water Has Thermal Stability
	The Challenges of an Aquatic Life
	Origins and Diversity of Life
2 Invertebrate Classification and Relationships
	Introduction
	Classification by Cell Number, Embryology, and Body Symmetry
	Classification by Developmental Pattern
		The Coelomates
		The Pseudocoelomates and Acoelomates
		Classification by Evolutionary Relationship
	Inferring Evolutionary Relationships
		Why Determine Evolutionary Trees?
		Uncertainty about Evolutionary Relationships
		Time Machines: Help from the Fossil Record
	Classification by Habitat and Lifestyle
3 The Protists
	Introduction
		Protozoans
	General Characteristics
	Protozoan Locomotory Systems
		Structure and Function of Cilia
		Structure and Function of Flagella
		Structure and Function of Pseudopodia
	Protozoan Reproduction
	Protozoan Feeding
	Coloniality
	The Alveolates
		Phylum Ciliophora
		Patterns of Ciliation
		Other Morphological Features
		Reproductive Characteristics
		Ciliate Lifestyles
		Phylum Dinozoa (=Dinoflagellata)
		Phylum Apicomplexa
	A Brief Aside on Microsporideans and Myxozoans
	Amoeboid Protozoans
		The Amoebozoans
		The Arcellinids and Related Test-Bearing Amoebae
		The Rhizaria
	Flagellated Protozoans
		The Phytoflagellated Protozoans
		The Zooflagellated Protozoans—Free-Living Forms
		The Zooflagellated Protozoans—Parasitic Forms
	Two Interesting Transitional Forms
4 The Poriferans and Placozoans
	Phylum Porifera
		Introduction
		General Characteristics
		Poriferan Diversity
		Class Calcarea
		Class Demospongiae
		Class Hexactinellida
		Other Features of Poriferan Biology: Reproduction and Development
	Phylum Placozoa
		Introduction
		General Characteristics
5 Introduction to the Hydrostatic Skeleton
6 The Cnidarians
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Subphylum Medusozoa
	Class Scyphozoa
	Class Cubozoa
	Class Hydrozoa
		Subclass Hydroidolina
		Order Siphonophora
		The Hydrocorals
		An Unusual Group of Likely Medusozoans: the Myxozoa
	A Medusozoan Sister Group?
		Class Staurozoa
	Subphylum Anthozoa
		Subclass Hexacorallia (=Zoantharia)
		Subclass Octocorallia (=Alcyonaria)
7 The Ctenophores
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Ctenophore Diversity
		Class Tentaculata
		Class Nuda
8 The Platyhelminths
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Class Turbellaria
	Class Cestoda
	Class Monogenea
	Class Trematoda
		The Digeneans
		Getting to a New Host
		The Aspidogastreans (=Aspidobothreans)
9 The Mesozoans: Possible Flatworm Relatives
	The Mesozoans
		Class Orthonectida
		Class Rhombozoa
10 The Gnathifera: Rotifers, Acanthocephalans, and Two Smaller Groups
	Introduction
	Phylum Rotifera
	Introduction and General Characteristics
		Class Seisonidea
		Class Bdelloidea
		Class Monogononta
	Other Features of Rotifer Biology
		Digestive System
		Nervous and Sensory Systems
		Excretion and Water Balance
	Phylum Acanthocephala
	Phylum Gnathostomulida
	Phylum Micrognathozoa
11 The Nemerteans
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Other Features of Nemertean Biology
		Classification
		Protection from Predators
		Reproduction and Development
12 The Molluscs
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Class Polyplacophora
	Class Aplacophora
	Class Monoplacophora
	Class Gastropoda
		The Prosobranchs
		The Opisthobranchia
		The Pulmonata
	Class Bivalvia (=Pelecypoda)
		Subclass Protobranchia
		The Lamellibranchs
		Subclass Anomalodesmata
	Class Scaphopoda
	Class Cephalopoda
	Other Features of Molluscan Biology
		Reproduction and Development
		Circulation, Blood Pigments, and Gas Exchange
		Nervous System
		Digestive System
		Excretory System
13 The Annelids
	Introduction
	Phylum Annelida
		General Annelid Characteristics
	Class Polychaeta
		Polychaete Reproduction
	Family Siboglinidae (formerly the Pogonophora)
		General Characteristics
		Siboglinid Reproduction and Development
	The Echiurans
	The Sipunculans
	Class Clitellata
	Subclass Oligochaeta
		Oligochaete Reproduction
	Subclass Hirudinea
		Leech Reproduction
	Other Features of Annelid Biology
		Digestive System
		Nervous System and Sense Organs
		Circulatory System
14 The Arthropods
	Introduction and General Characteristics
		The Exoskeleton
		The Hemocoel
		Molting
		Nerves and Muscles
		The Circulatory System
		Arthropod Visual Systems
		Arthropod Reproduction
		Classification Used in This Book
	Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
		Class Trilobita
	Subphylum Chelicerata
		Superclass Merostomata
		Class Arachnida
		Class Pycnogonida (=Pantopoda)
	Subphylum Mandibulata
		Superclass Myriapoda
	Superclass Hexapoda
		Class Insecta
		Superclass Crustacea
		Class Malacostraca
		Class Branchiopoda
		Class Ostracoda
		Class Copepoda
		Class Pentastomida
		Class Cirripedia
		Crustacean Development
	Other Features of Arthropod Biology
		Digestion
		Excretion
		Blood Pigments
		The Uncertainty of Arthropod Evolutionary Relationships
15 Two Phyla of Likely Arthropod Relatives: Tardigrades and Onychophorans
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Phylum Tardigrada
	Phylum Onychophora
16 The Nematodes
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Body Coverings and Body Cavities
	Musculature, Internal Pressure, and Locomotion
	Organ Systems and Behavior
	Reproduction and Development
	Parasitic Nematodes
	Beneficial Nematodes
17 Four Phyla of Likely Nematode Relatives: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, and Loricifera
	Introduction
	Phylum Nematomorpha
	Phylum Priapulida
	Phylum Kinorhyncha (=Echinoderida)
	Phylum Loricifera
18 Three Phyla of Uncertain Affiliation: Gastrotricha, Chaetognatha, and Cycliophora
	Introduction
	Phylum Gastrotricha
	Phylum Chaetognatha
		General Characteristics and Feeding
		Chaetognath Reproduction
		Chaetognath Lifestyles and Behavior
		Chaetognath Relationships
	Phylum Cycliophora
19 The "Lophophorates" (Phoronids, Brachiopods, Bryozoans) and Entoprocts
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Phylum Phoronida
	Phylum Brachiopoda
	Phylum Bryozoa (=Ectoprocta)
		Class Phylactolaemata
		Class Gymnolaemata
		Class Stenolaemata
	Other Features of "Lophophorate" Biology
		Reproduction
		Digestion
		Nervous System
	Phylum Entoprocta (=Kamptozoa)
20 The Echinoderms
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Class Crinoidea
	Class Stelleroidea
		Subclass Ophiuroidea
		Subclass Asteroidea
	Class Echinoidea
	Class Holothuroidea
	Other Features of Echinoderm Biology
		Reproduction and Development
		Nervous System
21 The Hemichordates
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Class Enteropneusta
	Class Pterobranchia
22 The Xenoturbellids: Deuterostomes at Last?
	Phylum Xenoturbellida
23 The Nonvertebrate Chordates
	Introduction and General Characteristics
	Subphylum Tunicata (=Urochordata)
		Class Ascidiacea
		Class Larvacea (=Appendicularia)
		Class Thaliacea
	Other Features of Urochordate Biology
		Reproduction
		Excretory and Nervous Systems
	Subphylum Cephalochordata (=Acrania)
24 Invertebrate Reproduction and Development—An Overview
	Introduction
	Asexual Reproduction
	Sexual Reproduction
		Patterns of Sexuality
		Gamete Diversity
		Getting the Gametes Together
		Larval Forms
	Dispersal as a Component of the Life-History Pattern
Glossary of Frequently Used Terms
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Index
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