Biology for AP® Courses

Preface
	1. About OpenStax
	2. About OpenStax resources
	3. About Biology for AP® Courses
	4. Additional resources
	5. About the authors
	6. Curriculum Framework for AP® Biology
Chapter 1. The Study of Life
	1.1. The Science of Biology*
	1.2. Themes and Concepts of Biology*
	Glossary
Chapter 2. The Chemical Foundation of Life
	2.1. Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks*
	2.2. Water*
	2.3. Carbon*
	Glossary
Chapter 3. Biological Macromolecules
	3.1. Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules*
	3.2. Carbohydrates*
	3.3. Lipids*
	3.4. Proteins*
	3.5. Nucleic Acids*
	Glossary
Chapter 4. Cell Structure
	4.1. Studying Cells*
	4.2. Prokaryotic Cells*
	4.3. Eukaryotic Cells*
	4.4. The Endomembrane System and Proteins*
	4.5. Cytoskeleton*
	4.6. Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities*
	Glossary
Chapter 5. Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
	5.1. Components and Structure*
	5.2. Passive Transport*
	5.3. Active Transport*
	5.4. Bulk Transport*
	Glossary
Chapter 6. Metabolism
	6.1. Energy and Metabolism*
	6.2. Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy*
	6.3. The Laws of Thermodynamics*
	6.4. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate*
	6.5. Enzymes*
	Glossary
Chapter 7. Cellular Respiration
	7.1. Energy in Living Systems*
	7.2. Glycolysis*
	7.3. Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle*
	7.4. Oxidative Phosphorylation*
	7.5. Metabolism without Oxygen*
	7.6. Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways*
	7.7. Regulation of Cellular Respiration*
	Glossary
Chapter 8. Photosynthesis
	8.1. Overview of Photosynthesis*
	8.2. The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis*
	8.3. Using Light to Make Organic Molecules*
	Glossary
Chapter 9. Cell Communication
	9.1. Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors*
	9.2. Propagation of the Signal*
	9.3. Response to the Signal*
	9.4. Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms*
	Glossary
Chapter 10. Cell Reproduction
	10.1. Cell Division*
	10.2. The Cell Cycle*
	10.3. Control of the Cell Cycle*
	10.4. Cancer and the Cell Cycle*
	10.5. Prokaryotic Cell Division*
	Glossary
Chapter 11. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
	11.1. The Process of Meiosis*
	11.2. Sexual Reproduction*
	Glossary
Chapter 12. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
	12.1. Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability*
	12.2. Characteristics and Traits*
	12.3. Laws of Inheritance*
	Glossary
Chapter 13. Modern Understandings of Inheritance
	13.1. Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages*
	13.2. Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders*
	Glossary
Chapter 14. DNA Structure and Function
	14.1. Historical Basis of Modern Understanding*
	14.2. DNA Structure and Sequencing*
	14.3. Basics of DNA Replication*
	14.4. DNA Replication in Prokaryotes*
	14.5. DNA Replication in Eukaryotes*
	14.6. DNA Repair*
	Glossary
Chapter 15. Genes and Proteins
	15.1. The Genetic Code*
	15.2. Prokaryotic Transcription*
	15.3. Eukaryotic Transcription*
	15.4. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes*
	15.5. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis*
	Glossary
Chapter 16. Gene Regulation
	16.1. Regulation of Gene Expression*
	16.2. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation*
	16.3. Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation*
	16.4. Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation*
	16.5. Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation*
	16.6. Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation*
	16.7. Cancer and Gene Regulation*
	Glossary
Chapter 17. Biotechnology and Genomics
	17.1. Biotechnology*
	17.2. Mapping Genomes*
	17.3. Whole-Genome Sequencing*
	17.4. Applying Genomics*
	17.5. Genomics and Proteomics*
	Glossary
Chapter 18. Evolution and Origin of Species
	18.1. Understanding Evolution*
	18.2. Formation of New Species*
	18.3. Reconnection and Rates of Speciation*
	Glossary
Chapter 19. The Evolution of Populations
	19.1. Population Evolution*
	19.2. Population Genetics*
	19.3. Adaptive Evolution*
	Glossary
Chapter 20. Phylogenies and the History of Life
	20.1. Organizing Life on Earth*
	20.2. Determining Evolutionary Relationships*
	20.3. Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree*
	Glossary
Chapter 21. Viruses
	21.1. Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification*
	21.2. Virus Infection and Hosts*
	21.3. Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections*
	21.4. Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids*
	Glossary
Chapter 22. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
	22.1. Prokaryotic Diversity*
	22.2. Structure of Prokaryotes*
	22.3. Prokaryotic Metabolism*
	22.4. Bacterial Diseases in Humans*
	22.5. Beneficial Prokaryotes*
	Glossary
Chapter 23. Plant Form and Physiology
	23.1. The Plant Body*
	23.2. Stems*
	23.3. Roots*
	23.4. Leaves*
	23.5. Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants*
	23.6. Plant Sensory Systems and Responses*
	Glossary
Chapter 24. The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
	24.1. Animal Form and Function*
	24.2. Animal Primary Tissues*
	24.3. Homeostasis*
	Glossary
Chapter 25. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
	25.1. Digestive Systems*
	25.2. Nutrition and Energy Production*
	25.3. Digestive System Processes*
	25.4. Digestive System Regulation*
	Glossary
Chapter 26. The Nervous System
	26.1. Neurons and Glial Cells*
	26.2. How Neurons Communicate*
	26.3. The Central Nervous System*
	26.4. The Peripheral Nervous System*
	26.5. Nervous System Disorders*
	Glossary
Chapter 27. Sensory Systems
	27.1. Sensory Processes*
	27.2. Somatosensation*
	27.3. Taste and Smell*
	27.4. Hearing and Vestibular Sensation*
	27.5. Vision*
	Glossary
Chapter 28. The Endocrine System
	28.1. Types of Hormones*
	28.2. How Hormones Work*
	28.3. Regulation of Body Processes*
	28.4. Regulation of Hormone Production*
	28.5. Endocrine Glands*
	Glossary
Chapter 29. The Musculoskeletal System
	29.1. Types of Skeletal Systems*
	29.2. Bone*
	29.3. Joints and Skeletal Movement*
	29.4. Muscle Contraction and Locomotion*
	Glossary
Chapter 30. The Respiratory System
	30.1. Systems of Gas Exchange*
	30.2. Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces*
	30.3. Breathing*
	30.4. Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids*
	Glossary
Chapter 31. The Circulatory System
	31.1. Overview of the Circulatory System*
	31.2. Components of the Blood*
	31.3. Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels*
	31.4. Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation*
	Glossary
Chapter 32. Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
	32.1. Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance*
	32.2. The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs*
	32.3. Excretion Systems*
	32.4. Nitrogenous Wastes*
	32.5. Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions*
	Glossary
Chapter 33. The Immune System
	33.1. Innate Immune Response*
	33.2. Adaptive Immune Response*
	33.3. Antibodies*
	33.4. Disruptions in the Immune System*
	Glossary
Chapter 34. Animal Reproduction and Development
	34.1. Reproduction Methods*
	34.2. Fertilization*
	34.3. Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis*
	34.4. Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction*
	34.5. Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development*
	34.6. Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation*
	34.7. Human Pregnancy and Birth*
	Glossary
Chapter 35. Ecology and the Biosphere
	35.1. The Scope of Ecology*
	35.2. Biogeography*
	35.3. Terrestrial Biomes*
	35.4. Aquatic Biomes*
	35.5. Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change*
	Glossary
Chapter 36. Population and Community Ecology
	36.1. Population Demography*
	36.2. Life Histories and Natural Selection*
	36.3. Environmental Limits to Population Growth*
	36.4. Population Dynamics and Regulation*
	36.5. Human Population Growth*
	36.6. Community Ecology*
	36.7. Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior*
	Glossary
Chapter 37. Ecosystems
	37.1. Ecology for Ecosystems*
	37.2. Energy Flow through Ecosystems*
	37.3. Biogeochemical Cycles*
	Glossary
Chapter 38. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
	38.1. The Biodiversity Crisis*
	38.2. The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life*
	38.3. Threats to Biodiversity*
	38.4. Preserving Biodiversity*
	Glossary
Appendix A. The Periodic Table of Elements*
Appendix B. Geological Time*
Appendix C. Measurements and the Metric System*
	Index