Biology and management of Bactrocera and related fruit flies

Cover......Page 1
Biology and Management of Bactrocera and Related Fruit Flies......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 14
 1.1 Scene Setting......Page 16
 1.2 Bactrocera Fruit Flies......Page 17
   Direct crop damage......Page 19
   Food security......Page 20
   Quarantine......Page 22
   Research, development and extension costs......Page 23
  1.3.1 Dacines as biological versus regulatory pests......Page 24
  1.3.2 Pest management based on science......Page 25
  1.3.3 Pattern versus process......Page 26
 1.4 Structure and Purpose of This Book......Page 27
  1.5 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 28
 2.1 General Introduction......Page 29
  2.2.2 The super-family Tephritoidea......Page 30
   Family Piophilidae......Page 31
   Family Platystomatidae......Page 32
   Sub-family Tachiniscinae......Page 33
   Sub-family Trypetinae......Page 34
   Tribe Gastrozonini......Page 35
  2.2.5 The tribe Dacini......Page 36
   Sub-generic groupings......Page 37
   What are complexes?......Page 38
   Why is it important to understand species complexes?......Page 39
   Major pest complexes......Page 40
 2.3 Taxonomy and Diagnostics......Page 43
  2.3.1 Morphological character states......Page 44
  2.3.2 Variability of morphological character states......Page 47
   Morphometrics......Page 48
   Host records......Page 49
   Dichotomous keys......Page 50
   Genetic tools......Page 51
  2.4 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 52
 3.1 General Introduction......Page 54
  3.3.1 South-east Asia......Page 55
  3.3.2 Wallacea and the Asian-Australian faunal boundary......Page 56
  3.3.3 Australia and Pacific......Page 57
  3.3.4 Africa and the Middle East......Page 58
  3.3.1 Allopatric speciation......Page 59
  3.3.2 Sympatric or ecological host-driven speciation......Page 60
  3.4.1 Abundance in rainforest......Page 61
  3.4.4 Impact on host fruit and seed......Page 62
  3.4.5 Orchid pollination......Page 63
 3.6 Bactrocera in Rainforest Fringe and Other Non-rainforest Habitats......Page 64
  3.8 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 66
 4.1 Dacini Life Cycle......Page 68
  4.2.1 Morphology and development of immature stages......Page 70
  4.2.2 Larval diet......Page 71
   Location......Page 73
   Sexual maturation......Page 74
  4.3.2 Adult diet......Page 75
  4.3.3 Bacterial interactions......Page 76
  4.3.5 Host plant as centre of activity......Page 79
  4.4.1 Seasonal dynamics and effects of weather......Page 80
  4.4.2 Overwintering......Page 81
  4.4.3 ‘Bottom-up drivers’ of population dynamics......Page 82
  4.4.5 Immigration and emigration......Page 83
  4.4.6 Influence of climate change and global-scale climate variables......Page 84
  4.5.1 Dacine communities......Page 85
  4.5.2 Landscape ecology of individual species......Page 86
   ‘Old landscape ecology’......Page 87
   ‘New landscape ecology’......Page 88
  4.6 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 89
  5.1.1 Males......Page 93
  5.1.2 Females......Page 94
 5.2 Mating Systems......Page 97
   Resource-based mating systems......Page 98
   Aggregated mating systems......Page 99
   Olive fruit fly (B. oleae)......Page 100
   Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) and Queensland fruit fly (B. tryoni)......Page 101
  5.2.3 Summary of dacine-mating systems......Page 102
  5.3.1 Time of mating......Page 104
  5.3.2 Visual cues......Page 105
  5.3.4 Pheromones......Page 106
   Male pheromones......Page 107
   Female pheromones......Page 108
  5.3.5 Post-mounting behaviour......Page 109
 5.4 Sexual Selection......Page 110
 5.5 Mating Frequency......Page 111
 5.6 Methoprene and Mating Behaviour......Page 112
  5.7.1 Discovery, chemistry and general fly response to lures......Page 113
  5.7.2 Functional role of lures in mating......Page 114
  5.7.3 Metabolic effect of lures......Page 116
  5.7.5 Evolution of lure response......Page 117
  5.8 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 118
6 Host Use......Page 121
   Why so many generalist Bactrocera?......Page 122
 6.2 Host Location and Oviposition Behaviour......Page 124
   Olfaction......Page 126
   Visual......Page 127
   Pre-oviposition......Page 129
   Oviposition......Page 130
 6.3 Intrinsic Factors Influencing Host Use......Page 131
  6.3.1 Age......Page 132
  6.4.1 Host availability......Page 133
  6.4.4 Ripening stage......Page 134
  6.4.6 Physical damage......Page 136
  6.5.1 Host ranking......Page 137
  6.5.3 Quantifying host records......Page 138
   Non-host status......Page 139
   Conditional non-host status (early harvest)......Page 140
  6.6.2 Resistance breeding......Page 141
  6.7 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 142
 7.1 Biological Invasions......Page 144
  7.1.1 Human-assisted movement: The first step of the invasion process......Page 146
  7.1.2 Population establishment: The second step of the invasion process......Page 148
   Invasion spread models......Page 149
    Natural Bactrocera movement......Page 151
  7.1.4 Population genetic structuring: Signatures of movement and invasion......Page 153
  7.1.5 Competition between species......Page 155
  7.2.1 Border quarantine and risk......Page 156
   Probability of detection......Page 158
   First response......Page 159
   Action: walk away, contain or eradicate......Page 160
  7.2.3 The Californian situation and wider implications......Page 161
  7.3 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 162
  8.1.1 Introduction to parasitoids......Page 165
  8.1.2 Opiine braconids......Page 167
  8.1.3 Opiine host location and host use......Page 171
 8.2 Other Parasitoid Species......Page 172
  8.3.1 Classical biological control......Page 173
  8.3.2 Augmentative, inundative and inoculative biological control......Page 174
  8.4.1 Ants......Page 176
  8.4.2 Spiders......Page 177
 8.5 Entomopathogens in Natural Systems......Page 178
 8.6 Wolbachia......Page 179
 8.8 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 180
 9.1 Insecticides......Page 183
  9.2.1 Introduction and concept......Page 184
   Diets......Page 186
   Competitiveness of flies and pre-release conditioning......Page 187
 9.3 Lure-and-kill Technologies......Page 188
  9.3.1 Male annihilation technique......Page 189
  9.3.2 Protein bait spray......Page 190
  9.3.3 Mass trapping......Page 191
 9.4 Entomopathogens......Page 193
  9.5.1 General concept......Page 194
 9.6 Abandoned Orchards, Feral Fruit Trees and Garden Fruit Trees......Page 196
  9.6.3 Backyard fruit trees......Page 197
  9.7.1 Fruit bagging......Page 198
 9.8 Barrier and Repellent Sprays......Page 199
  9.8.3 Neem......Page 200
 9.10 Pupal Controls......Page 201
  9.11.1 Integrated pest management or on-farm best management practice......Page 202
   Stakeholders and stakeholder engagement......Page 203
   Who pays?......Page 204
  9.11.3 Regulatory controls......Page 205
  9.12 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 206
10 Phytosanitary Measures......Page 210
  10.3.1 Background......Page 211
  10.3.2 Conflicting terminology and standards......Page 212
  10.3.3 A role for small-cage laboratory tests in assessing host status......Page 213
 10.4 Disinfestation Methods......Page 214
  10.4.1 Irradiation......Page 215
  10.4.2 Heat......Page 216
  10.4.4 Fumigation......Page 217
 10.5 Disinfestation Methodology......Page 218
  10.5.1 Review of host records......Page 219
  10.5.2 The use of laboratory flies......Page 220
   Colony establishment......Page 222
   Rearing method......Page 224
   Colony quality assurance......Page 225
  10.5.4 In vitro, in vivo and infestation techniques......Page 226
  10.5.5 Life-history trials......Page 227
  10.5.7 Most tolerant stage testing......Page 232
  10.5.8 An alternative to most tolerant stage testing......Page 234
  10.5.9 Efficacy levels......Page 236
 10.6 Future Work......Page 238
  10.7 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 239
 11.1 General Introduction......Page 241
  11.2.1 How the IPPC operates......Page 242
  11.3.2 ISPM 26, Establishment of pest-free areas for fruit flies......Page 245
  11.3.5 ISPM 37, Determination of host status of fruit to fruit flies (Tephritidae)......Page 248
  11.3.6 Why can implementing certain ISPMs appear so difficult?......Page 251
  11.4.1 ISPM 10, Requirements for the establishment of pest-free places of production and pest-free production sites......Page 252
  11.5 Further Reading and References Cited......Page 255
 12.2 ‘Omics’ and Whole-Systems Biology......Page 257
 12.3 A World Without Pesticides......Page 258
 12.4 Biodiversity Assessment......Page 259
 12.5 Conclusion......Page 260
Index......Page 262
Back Cover......Page 271