Biology : the unity and diversity of life

Cover
Contents in Brief
Detailed Contents
Preface
Student and Instructor Resources
Acknowledgments
Class Testers and Reviewers
Chapter 1: Invitation to Biology
	1.1 Application: Secret Life of Earth
	1.2 Life Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts
	1.3 How Living Things Are Alike
	1.4 How Living Things Differ
	1.5 Organizing Information about Species
	1.6 The Science of Nature
	1.7 Analyzing Experimental Results
	1.8 The Nature of Science
Chapter 2: Life's Chemical Basis
	2.1 Mercury Rising
	2.2 Building Blocks of Matter
	2.3 Why Electrons Matter
	2.4 Chemical Bonds
	2.5 Hydrogen Bonding and Water
	2.6 Acids and Bases
Chapter 3: Molecules of Life
	3.1 Fear of Frying
	3.2 The Chemistry of Biology
	3.3 Carbohydrates
	3.4 Lipids
	3.5 Proteins
	3.6 Nucleic Acids
Chapter 4: Cell Structure
	4.1 Food for Thought
	4.2 What Is a Cell?
	4.3 Introducing the Prokaryotes
	4.4 Introducing the Eukaryotic Cell
	4.5 The Endomembrane System
	4.6 Mitochondria
	4.7 Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
	4.8 The Cytoskeleton
	4.9 Cell Surface Specializations
	4.10 The Nature of Life
Chapter 5: Ground Rules of Metabolism
	5.1 A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase
	5.2 Energy in the World of Life
	5.3 Energy in the Molecules of Life
	5.4 How Enzymes Work
	5.5 Metabolic Pathways
	5.6 Cofactors
	5.7 A Closer Look at Cell Membranes
	5.8 Diffusion across Membranes
	5.9 Membrane Transport Mechanisms
	5.10 Membrane Trafficking
Chapter 6: Where It Starts-Photosynthesis
	6.1 Biofuels
	6.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
	6.3 Sunlight as an Energy Source
	6.4 The Light-Dependent Reactions
	6.5 The Light-Independent Reactions
Chapter 7: Releasing Chemical Energy
	7.1 Risky Business
	7.2 Introduction to Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways
	7.3 Aerobic Respiration Continues
	7.4 Aerobic Respiration Ends
	7.5 Fermentation
	7.6 Alternative Energy Sources in Food
Chapter 8: DNA Structure and Function
	8.1 A Hero Dog's Golden Clones
	8.2 Discovery of DNA's Function
	8.3 Discovery of DNA's Structure
	8.4 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
	8.5 DNA Replication
	8.6 Mutations: Cause and Effect
	8.7 Cloning Adult Animals
Chapter 9: From DNA to Protein
	9.1 Ricin, RIP
	9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression
	9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNA
	9.4 RNA and the Genetic Code
	9.5 Translation: RNA to Protein
	9.6 Consequences of Mutations
Chapter 10: Control of Gene Expression
	10.1 Between You and Eternity
	10.2 Regulating Gene Expression
	10.3 Regulating Gene Expression in Development
	10.4 Regulating Gene Expression to Adjust Metabolism
	10.5 Epigenetics
Chapter 11: How Cells Reproduce
	11.1 Henrietta's Immortal Cells
	11.2 Multiplication by Division
	11.3 A Closer Look at Mitosis
	11.4 Cytoplasmic Division
	11.5 Marking Time with Telomeres
	11.6 When Mitosis Is Dangerous
Chapter 12: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
	12.1 Why Sex?
	12.2 Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction
	12.3 Visual Tour of Meiosis
	12.4 Meiosis Fosters Genetic Diversity
	12.5 An Ancestral Connection
Chapter 13: Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits
	13.1 Menacing Mucus
	13.2 Mendel, Pea Plants, and Inheritance Patterns
	13.3 Mendel's Law of Segregation
	13.4 Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
	13.5 Non-Mendelian Inheritance
	13.6 Nature and Nurture
	13.7 Complex Variation in Traits
Chapter 14: Chromosomes and Human Inheritance
	14.1 Shades of Skin
	14.2 Human Chromosomes
	14.3 Autosomal Inheritance
	14.4 X-Linked Inheritance
	14.5 Changes in Chromosome Structure
	14.6 Changes in Chromosome Number
	14.7 Genetic Screening
Chapter 15: Studying and Manipulating Genomes
	15.1 Personal Genetic Testing
	15.2 DNA Cloning
	15.3 Isolating Genes
	15.4 DNA Sequencing
	15.5 Genomics
	15.6 Genetic Engineering
	15.7 Designer Plants
	15.8 Biotech Barnyards
	15.9 Editing Genomes
Chapter 16: Evidence of Evolution
	16.1 Reflections of a Distant Past
	16.2 Old Beliefs and New Discoveries
	16.3 Evolution by Natural Selection
	16.4 Fossils: Evidence of Ancient Life
	16.5 Changes in the History of Earth
Chapter 17: Processes of Evolution
	17.1 Superbug Farms
	17.2 Alleles in Populations
	17.3 Genetic Equilibrium
	17.4 Patterns of Natural Selection
	17.5 Natural Selection and Diversity
	17.6 Nonselective Evolution
	17.7 Reproductive Isolation
	17.8 Models of Speciation
	17.9 Macroevolution
Chapter 18: Organizing Information about Species
	18.1 Bye Bye Birdie
	18.2 Phylogeny
	18.3 Comparing Form and Function
	18.4 Comparing Molecules
	18.5 Comparing Development
	18.6 Phylogeny Research
Chapter 19: Life's Origin and Early Evolution
	19.1 Looking for Life
	19.2 The Early Earth
	19.3 Organic Monomers Form
	19.4 From Polymers to Protocells
	19.5 The Age of Prokaryotes
	19.6 A Rise in Oxygen
	19.7 Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes
Chapter 20: Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea
	20.1 The Human Microbiota
	20.2 Virus Structure and Function
	20.3 Viral Replication
	20.4 Viruses and Human Health
	20.5 Prokaryotic Structure and Function
	20.6 Metabolic Diversity in Prokaryotes
	20.7 Major Bacterial Lineages
	20.8 Bacteria as Pathogens
	20.9 Archaea
Chapter 21: Protists-The Simplest Eukaryotes
	21.1 Malaria: A Protistan Disease
	21.2 A Diverse Collection of Lineages
	21.4 Stramenopiles
	21.5 Alveolates
	21.7 Archaeplastids
	21.8 Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts
Chapter 22: The Land Plants
	22.1 Saving Seeds
	22.2 Plant Ancestry and Diversity
	22.3 Evolutionary Trends among Plants
	22.5 Seedless Vascular Plants
	22.6 History of the Vascular Plants
	22.7 Gymnosperms
	22.8 Angiosperm Traits
	22.9 Angiosperm Diversity
Chapter 23: Fungi
	23.1 High-Flying Fungi
	23.2 Fungal Traits and Diversity
	23.3 Flagellated Fungi
	23.4 Zygote Fungi and Relatives
	23.5 Sac Fungi
	23.6 Club Fungi
	23.7 Biological Roles of Fungi
Chapter 24: Animal Evolution-The Invertebrates
	24.1 Medicines from the Sea
	24.2 Animal Traits and Body Plans
	24.3 Animal Origins and Diversification
	24.4 Sponges
	24.5 Cnidarians
	24.6 Flatworms
	24.7 Annelids
	24.8 Mollusks
	24.9 Roundworms
	24.10 Arthropods
	24.11 The Spiny-Skinned Echinoderms
Chapter 25: Animal Evolution-The Vertebrates
	25.1 Very Early Birds
	25.2 Chordate Traits and Evolutionary Trends
	25.3 Fishes
	25.4 Amphibians
	25.5 Amniote Evolution
	25.6 Reptiles
	25.7 Birds
	25.8 Mammals
Chapter 26: Human Evolution
	26.1 A Bit of a Neanderthal
	26.2 Primates: Our Order
	26.3 Hominoids
	26.4 Early Hominins
	26.5 Early Humans
	26.6 Recent Human Lineages
Chapter 27: Plant Tissues
	27.1 Sequestering Carbon in Forests
	27.2 The Plant Body
	27.3 Plant Tissues
	27.4 Stems
	27.5 Leaves
	27.6 Roots
	27.7 Patterns of Growth
Chapter 28: Plant Nutrition and Transport
	28.1 Leafy Cleanup
	28.2 Plant Nutrients
	28.3 Root Adaptations for Nutrient Uptake
	28.4 Movement of Water in Plants
	28.5 Movement of Organic Compounds in Plants
Chapter 29: Life Cycles of Flowering Plants
	29.1 Plight of the Honeybee
	29.2 Floral Structure and Function
	29.3 A New Generation Begins
	29.4 Flower Sex
	29.5 Seed Formation
	29.6 Fruits
	29.7 Early Development
	29.8 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Chapter 30: Communication Strategies in Plants
	30.1 Prescription: Chocolate
	30.2 Chemical Signaling in Plants
	30.3 Auxin and Cytokinin
	30.4 Gibberellin
	30.5 Abscisic Acid and Ethylene
	30.6 Movement
	30.7 Responses to Recurring Environmental Change
	30.8 Responses to Stress
Chapter 31: Animal Tissue and Organ Systems
	31.1 Making Replacement Cells
	31.2 Animal Body Plans
	31.3 Epithelial Tissue
	31.4 Connective Tissues
	31.5 Muscle Tissue
	31.6 Nervous Tissue
	31.7 Organ Systems
	31.8 Human Skin
	31.9 Maintaining Homeostasis through Negative Feedback
Chapter 32: Neural Control
	32.1 Impacts of Concussions
	32.2 Animal Nervous Systems
	32.3 Cells of the Nervous System
	32.4 Electrical Signaling in Neurons
	32.5 Chemical Signaling by Neurons
	32.6 Neurotransmitter Function
	32.7 The Peripheral Nervous System
	32.8 Cells and Tissues of the Central Nervous System
	32.9 The Spinal Cord
	32.10 The Vertebrate Brain
	32.11 The Human Cerebral Cortex
	32.12 Emotion and Memory
	32.13 Studying Brain Function
Chapter 33: Sensory Perception
	33.1 Neuroprostheses
	33.2 Overview of Sensory Pathways
	33.3 General Senses
	33.4 Chemical Senses
	33.5 Hearing
	33.6 Balance and Equilibrium
	33.7 Vision
	33.8 Human Vision
Chapter 34: Endocrine Control
	34.1 Endocrine Disruptors
	34.2 The Vertebrate Endocrine System
	34.3 The Nature of Hormone Action
	34.4 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
	34.5 The Pineal Gland
	34.6 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
	34.7 Pancreatic Hormones
	34.8 The Adrenal Glands
	34.9 The Gonads
	34.10 Invertebrate Hormones
Chapter 35: Structural Support and Movement
	35.1 Bulking Up
	35.2 Animal Movement
	35.3 Types of Skeletons
	35.4 Bone Structure and Function
	35.5 Joint Structure and Function
	35.6 Skeletal Muscle Function
	35.7 How Muscle Contracts
	35.8 Nervous Control of Muscle Contraction
	35.9 Muscle Metabolism
Chapter 36: Circulation
	36.1 A Shocking Save
	36.2 Circulatory Systems
	36.3 Human Cardiovascular System
	36.4 The Human Heart
	36.5 Vertebrate Blood
	36.6 Arteries and Arterioles
	36.7 Blood Pressure
	36.8 Exchanges at Capillaries
	36.9 Back to the Heart
	36.10 Blood and Cardiovascular Disorders
	36.11 Interactions with the Lymphatic System
Chapter 37: Immunity
	37.1 Community Immunity
	37.2 Integrated Responses to Threats
	37.3 Surface Barriers
	37.4 Mechanisms of Innate Immunity
	37.5 Antigen Receptors
	37.6 Overview of Adaptive Immunity
	37.7 Adaptive Immunity I: An Antibody-Mediated Response
	37.8 Adaptive Immunity II: The Cell-Mediated Response
	37.9 When Immunity Goes Wrong
Chapter 38: Respiration
	38.1 Carbon Monoxide-A Stealthy Poison
	38.2 The Nature of Respiration
	38.3 Invertebrate Respiration
	38.4 Vertebrate Respiration
	38.5 Human Respiratory System
	38.6 How We Breathe
	38.7 Gas Exchange and Transport
	38.8 Respiratory Adaptations
	38.9 Respiratory Diseases and Disorders
Chapter 39: Digestion and Nutrition
	39.1 Breaking It Down
	39.2 Animal Digestive Systems
	39.3 Human Digestive Tract
	39.4 Chewing and Swallowing
	39.5 The Stomach
	39.6 The Small Intestine
	39.7 The Large Intestine
	39.8 Nutritional Requirements
	39.9 Maintaining a Healthy Weight
Chapter 40: Maintaining the Internal Environment
	40.1 Urine Tests
	40.2 Fluid Volume and Composition
	40.3 Excretory Organs
	40.4 The Human Urinary System
	40.5 How Urine Forms
	40.6 Regulating Solute Levels
	40.7 Impaired Kidney Function
	40.8 Excretory Adaptations
	40.9 Heat Gains and Losses
	40.10 Responses to Cold and Heat
Chapter 41: Animal Reproduction
	41.1 Assisted Reproduction
	41.2 Modes of Animal Reproduction
	41.3 Organs of Sexual Reproduction
	41.4 Sex Organs of Human Females
	41.5 Female Reproductive Cycles
	41.6 Sex Organs of Human Males
	41.7 Bringing Gametes Together
	41.8 Contraception and Infertility
	41.9 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chapter 42: Animal Development
	42.1 Prenatal Problems
	42.2 Stages of Animal Development
	42.3 From Zygote to Gastrula
	42.4 Tissue and Organ Formation
	42.5 Evolutionary Developmental Biology
	42.6 Overview of Human Development
	42.7 Early Human Development
	42.8 Emergence of Distinctly Human Features
	42.9 Structure and Function of the Placenta
	42.10 Labor, Birth, and Lactation
Chapter 43: Animal Behavior
	43.1 Can You Hear Me Now?
	43.2 Factors Affecting Behavior
	43.3 Instinct and Learning
	43.4 Movements and Navigation
	43.5 Communication Signals
	43.6 Mating and Parental Behavior
	43.7 Group Living
	43.8 Altruism and Eusociality
Chapter 44: Population Ecology
	44.1 Managing Canada Geese
	44.2 Population Demographics
	44.3 Modeling Population Growth
	44.4 Limits on Population Growth
	44.5 Life History Patterns
	44.6 Predation Effects on Life History
	44.7 Human Population Growth
Chapter 45: Community Ecology
	45.1 Fighting Foreign Fire Ants
	45.2 What Factors Shape Community Structure?
	45.3 Mutualism
	45.4 Competitive Interactions
	45.5 Predator-Prey Interactions
	45.6 Evolutionary Arms Races
	45.7 Parasites and Parasitoids
	45.8 How Communities Change
	45.9 Biogeographic Patterns in Community Structure
Chapter 46: Ecosystems
	46.1 Too Much of a Good Thing
	46.2 The Nature of Ecosystems
	46.3 The Nature of Food Webs
	46.4 Measuring Ecosystem Properties
	46.5 Biogeochemical Cycles
	46.6 The Water Cycle
	46.7 The Carbon Cycle
	46.8 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
	46.9 Nitrogen Cycle
	46.10 The Phosphorus Cycle
Chapter 47: The Biosphere
	47.1 Going with the Flow
	47.2 Global Air Circulation Patterns
	47.3 Oceans, Landforms, and Climate
	47.4 The El Nino Southern Oscillation
	47.5 Biomes
	47.6 Deserts
	47.7 Grasslands and Dry Shrublands
	47.8 Broadleaf Forests
	47.9 Coniferous Forests
	47.10 Tundra
	47.11 Freshwater Ecosystems
	47.12 Coastal Ecosystems
	47.13 Coral Reefs
	47.14 The Open Ocean
Chapter 48: Human Impacts on the Biosphere
	48.1 Life in the Anthropocene
	48.2 The Extinction Crisis
	48.3 Harmful Land Use Practices
	48.4 Effects of Pollutants
	48.5 Ozone Depletion and Pollution
	48.6 Effects of Global Climate Change
	48.7 Conservation Biology
	48.8 Reducing Negative Impacts
Appendix I: Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix II: The Amino Acids
Appendix III: A Closer Look at Some Major Metabolic Pathways
Appendix IV: A Plain English Map of the Human Chromosomes
Appendix V: Restless Earth-Life's Changing Geologic Stage
Appendix VI: Units of Measure
Appendix VII: Answers to Self-Quizzes and Genetics Problems
Glossary of Biological Terms
Index