Biology : the dynamic science

Cover
Brief Contents
Preface
New to This Edition
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research
	1.1 What Is Life? Characteristics of Living Organisms
	1.2 Biological Evolution
	1.3 Biodiversity and the Tree of Life
	1.4 Biological Research
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 2: Life, Chemistry, and Water
	2.1 The Organization of Matter: Elements and Atoms
	2.2 Atomic Structure
	2.3 Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions
	2.4 Hydrogen Bonds and the Properties of Water
	2.5 Water Ionization and Acids, Bases, and Buffers
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 3: Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds of Life
	3.1 Formation and Modification of Biological Molecules
	3.2 Carbohydrates
	3.3 Lipids
	3.4 Proteins
	3.5 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 4: Cells
	4.1 Basic Features of Cell Structure and Function
	4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
	4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
	4.4 Specialized Structures of Plant Cells
	4.5 The Animal Cell Surface
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 5: Membranes and Transport
	5.1 Membrane Structure and Function
	5.2 Functions of Membranes in Transport: Passive Transport
	5.3 Passive Water Transport and Osmosis
	5.4 Active Transport
	5.5 Exocytosis and Endocytosis
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 6: Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions
	6.1 Energy, Life, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
	6.2 Free Energy and Spontaneous Reactions
	6.3 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The Energy Currency of the Cell
	6.4 Role of Enzymes in Biological Reactions
	6.5 Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity
	6.6 RNA-Based Biological Catalysts: Ribozymes
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
	7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration
	7.2 Glycolysis: Splitting the Sugar in Half
	7.3 Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
	7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
	7.5 Fermentation
	7.6 Interrelationships of Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
	8.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview
	8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
	8.3 The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis
	8.4 Photorespiration and Alternative Processes of Carbon Fixation
	8.5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Compared
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 9: Cell Communication
	9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview
	9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors
	9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors
	9.4 Integration of Cell Communication Pathways
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 10: Cell Division and Mitosis
	10.1 The Cycle of Cell Growth and Division: An Overview
	10.2 The Mitotic Cell Cycle
	10.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
	10.4 Cell Division in Bacteria
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 11: Meiosis: The Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction
	11.1 The Mechanisms of Meiosis
	11.2 Mechanisms That Generate Genetic Variability
	11.3 The Time and Place of Meiosis in Organismal Life Cycles
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 12: Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance
	12.1 The Beginnings of Genetics: Mendel's Garden Peas
	12.2 Later Modifications and Additions to Mendel's Principles
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 13: Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics
	13.1 Genetic Linkage and Recombination
	13.2 Sex-Linked Genes
	13.3 Chromosomal Mutations That Affect Inheritance
	13.4 Human Genetic Traits, Pedigree Analysis, and Genetic Counseling
	13.5 Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 14: DNA Structure and Replication
	14.1 Establishing DNA as the Hereditary Molecule
	14.2 DNA Structure
	14.3 DNA Replication
	14.4 Repair of Errors in DNA
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 15: Gene Expression: From DNA to Protein
	15.1 The Connection between DNA, RNA, and Protein
	15.2 Transcription: DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis
	15.3 Production of mRNAs in Eukaryotes
	15.4 Translation: mRNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis
	15.5 Genetic Changes That Affect Protein Structure and Function
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 16: Regulation of Gene Expression
	16.1 Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria
	16.2 Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
	16.3 Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
	16.4 Genetic and Molecular Regulation of Development
	16.5 The Genetics and Genomics of Cancer
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 17: Bacterial and Viral Genetics
	17.1 Gene Transfer and Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
	17.2 Viruses and Viral Genetics
	17.3 Viroids and Prions, Infectious Agents Lacking Protein Coats
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 18: DNA Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications
	18.1 Making Genetically Altered Organisms Using Gene Cloning
	18.2 Making Genetically Altered Cells and Organisms by Genome Editing
	18.3 Applications of Genetically Altered Cells and Organisms
	18.4 Other Applications of DNA Technology
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 19: Genomes and Proteomes
	19.1 Genomics: An Overview
	19.2 Sequencing and Annotating Genomes
	19.3 Genome Landscapes
	19.4 Determining the Functions of Genes
	19.5 Genome Evolution
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 20: Development of Evolutionary Thinking
	20.1 Recognition of Evolutionary Change
	20.2 Darwin's Journeys
	20.3 Evolutionary Biology since Darwin
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 21: Microevolution: Genetic Changes within Populations
	21.1 Variation in Natural Populations
	21.2 Population Genetics
	21.3 The Agents of Microevolution
	21.4 Maintaining Genetic and Phenotypic Variation
	21.5 Adaptation and Evolutionary Constraints
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 22: Speciation
	22.1 What Is a Species?
	22.2 Maintaining Reproductive Isolation
	22.3 The Geography of Speciation
	22.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Speciation
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 23: Paleobiology and Macroevolution
	23.1 The Fossil Record
	23.2 Earth History
	23.3 Historical Biogeography and Convergent Biotas
	23.4 The History of Biodiversity
	23.5 Interpreting Evolutionary Lineages
	23.6 The Evolution of Morphological Novelties
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 24: Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing the Tree of Life
	24.1 Nomenclature and Classification
	24.2 Phylogenetic Trees
	24.3 Sources of Data for Phylogenetic Analyses
	24.4 Traditional Classification and Paraphyletic Groups
	24.5 The Cladistic Revolution
	24.6 Phylogenetic Trees as Research Tools
	24.7 Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 25: The Origin of Life
	25.1 The Formation of Molecules Necessary for Life
	25.2 The Origin of Cells
	25.3 The Three Domains of Life
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 26: Bacteria and Archaea: The Primary Domains
	26.1 Prokaryotic Structure and Function
	26.2 The Domain Bacteria
	26.3 The Domain Archaea
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chatper 27: Eukaryotes: Two Domains United
	27.1 The Diversity of Eukaryotes
	27.2 Amorphea
	27.3 Archaeplastida
	27.4 The SAR Supergroup
	27.5 Excavata
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 28: Seedless Plants
	28.1 Plant Evolution: Adaptations to Life on Land
	28.2 Bryophytes, the Nonvascular Land Plants
	28.3 Seedless Vascular Plants
	28.4 Ecological, Economic, and Research Importance of Seedless Plants
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 29: Seed Plants
	29.1 The Rise of Seed Plants
	29.2 Gymnosperms: The "Naked Seed" Plants
	29.3 Angiosperms: Flowering Plants
	29.4 Seed Plants and People: Food, Shelter, Fibers, Medicines, and Research
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 30: Fungi
	30.1 General Characteristics of Fungi
	30.2 Evolution of the Kingdom Fungi
	30.3 Fungal Associations: Lichens and Mycorrhizae
	30.4 Impacts of Fungi in Ecosystems and Society
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 31: Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes
	31.1 What Is an Animal?
	31.2 Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
	31.3 An Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Classification
	31.4 Animals without Tissues: Parazoa
	31.5 Eumetazoans with Radial Symmetry
	31.6 Lophotrochozoan Protostomes
	31.7 Ecdysozoan Protostomes
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 32: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives
	32.1 Invertebrate Deuterostomes
	32.2 Overview of the Phylum Chordata
	32.3 The Origin and Diversification of Vertebrates
	32.4 "Agnathans": Hagfishes and Lampreys, Conodonts and Ostracoderms
	32.5 Gnathostomata: The Evolution of Jaws
	32.6 Tetrapoda: The Evolution of Limbs
	32.7 Amniota: The Evolution of Fully Terrestrial Vertebrates
	32.8 Living Lepidosaurs: Sphenodontids and Squamates
	32.9 Living Archelosaurs: Turtles, Crocodilians, and Birds
	32.10 Mammalia: Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals
	32.11 Nonhuman Primates
	32.12 The Evolution of Humans
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 33: The Plant Body
	33.1 Basic Concepts of Plant Structure and Growth
	33.2 The Three Plant Tissue Systems
	33.3 Root Systems
	33.4 Primary Shoot Systems
	33.5 Secondary Growth
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 34: Transport in Plants
	34.1 Overview of Water and Solute Movements in Plants
	34.2 Roots: Moving Water and Minerals into the Plant
	34.3 Transport of Water and Minerals in the Xylem
	34.4 Stomata: Regulating the Loss of Water by Transpiration
	34.5 Transport of Organic Substances in the Phloem
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 35: Plant Nutrition
	35.1 Plant Nutritional Requirements
	35.2 Soil
	35.3 Root Adaptations for Obtaining and Absorbing Nutrients
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 36: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants
	36.1 Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction
	36.2 The Formation of Flowers and Gametes
	36.3 Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination
	36.4 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
	36.5 Early Plant Development
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 37: Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment
	37.1 Introduction to Plant Hormones
	37.2 Plant Chemical Defenses
	37.3 Plant Movements
	37.4 Plant Biological Clocks
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 38: Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology
	38.1 Organization of the Animal Body
	38.2 Animal Tissues
	38.3 Coordination of Tissues in Organs and Organ Systems
	38.4 Homeostasis
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 39: Neurons and Synapses
	39.1 Neuron Structure and Function
	39.2 Signaling by Neurons
	39.3 Transmission across Chemical Synapses
	39.4 Signal Integration in Neurons
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 40: Nervous Systems
	40.1 Organizing Neurons into Systems
	40.2 The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
	40.3 The Central Nervous System (CNS)
	40.4 Memory and Consciousness
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 41: Sensory Systems
	41.1 Overview of Sensation
	41.2 Mechanosensation and Touch
	41.3 Mechanosensation and Hearing
	41.4 Photoreceptors and Vision
	41.5 The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
	41.6 Sensing Temperature and Electromagnetic Fields
	41.7 Pain
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 42: The Endocrine System
	42.1 Hormones and Their Secretion
	42.2 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
	42.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary
	42.4 Other Major Endocrine Glands of Vertebrates
	42.5 Endocrine Systems in Invertebrates
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 43: Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements
	43.1 Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
	43.2 Skeletal Systems
	43.3 Vertebrate Movement: The Interactions between Muscles and Bones
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 44: The Circulatory System
	44.1 Animal Circulatory Systems: An Introduction
	44.2 Blood and Its Components
	44.3 The Heart
	44.4 Blood Vessels of the Circulatory System
	44.5 Maintaining Blood Flow and Pressure
	44.6 The Lymphatic System
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 45: Defenses against Disease
	45.1 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses
	45.2 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses
	45.3 Malfunctions and Failures of the Immune System
	45.4 Evolved Defenses against Pathogens in Other Animals
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 46: The Respiratory System
	46.1 The Principles of Gas Exchange
	46.2 Evolutionary Adaptations for Respiration
	46.3 The Mammalian Respiratory System
	46.4 Mechanisms of Gas Exchange and Transport
	46.5 Respiration at High Altitudes and in Ocean Depths
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 47: Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition
	47.1 Feeding and Nutrition
	47.2 Digestive Processes
	47.3 Digestion in Humans and Other Mammals
	47.4 Regulation of Digestion and Food Intake
	47.5 Digestive Specializations in Vertebrates
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 48: Regulating the Internal Enviromment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation
	48.1 Introduction to Osmoregulation and Excretion
	48.2 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Invertebrates
	48.3 Osmoregulation and Excretion in Mammals
	48.4 Regulation of Mammalian Kidney Function
	48.5 Kidney Function in Nonmammalian Vertebrates
	48.6 Introduction to Thermoregulation
	48.7 Ectothermy
	48.8 Endothermy
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 49: Animal Reproduction
	49.1 Animal Reproductive Modes: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
	49.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
	49.3 Sexual Reproduction in Humans
	49.4 Methods for Preventing Pregnancy: Contraception
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 50: Animal Development
	50.1 Mechanisms of Embryonic Development
	50.2 Major Patterns of Cleavage and Gastrulation
	50.3 From Gastrulation to Adult Body Structures: Organogenesis
	50.4 Embryonic Development of Humans and Other Mammals
	50.5 The Cellular Basis of Development
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 51: Ecology and the Biosphere
	51.1 The Science of Ecology
	51.2 Environmental Diversity of the Biosphere
	51.3 Organismal Responses to Environmental Variation and Climate Change
	51.4 Terrestrial Biomes
	51.5 Freshwater Environments
	51.6 Marine Environments
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 52: Population Ecology
	52.1 Population Characteristics
	52.2 Demography
	52.3 The Evolution of Life Histories
	52.4 Models of Population Growth
	52.5 Population Dynamics
	52.6 Human Population Growth
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 53: Population Interactions and Community Ecology
	53.1 Population Interactions
	53.2 The Nature of Ecological Communities
	53.3 Community Characteristics
	53.4 Effects of Population Interactions on Community Characteristics
	53.5 Effects of Disturbance on Community Characteristics
	53.6 Ecological Succession: Responses to Disturbance
	53.7 Variations in Species Richness among Communities
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 54: Ecosystems and Global Change
	54.1 Modeling Ecosystem Processes
	54.2 Energy Flow and Ecosystem Energetics
	54.3 Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems
	54.4 Human Activities and Anthropogenic Global Change
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 55: Biodiversity and Conservation Biology
	55.1 The Biodiversity Crisis on Land, in the Sea, and in River Systems
	55.2 Specific Threats to Biodiversity
	55.3 Ecosystem Services That Biodiversity Provides
	55.4 Which Species and Ecosystems Are Most Threatened by Human Activities?
	55.5 Conservation Biology: Principles and Theory
	55.6 Conservation Biology: Practical Strategies and Economic Tools
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Chapter 56: Animal Behavior
	56.1 Instinctive and Learned Behaviors
	56.2 Neurophysiological and Endocrine Control of Behavior
	56.3 Migration and Wayfinding
	56.4 Habitat Selection and Territoriality
	56.5 The Evolution of Communication
	56.6 The Evolution of Reproductive Behavior and Mating Systems
	56.7 The Evolution of Social Behavior
	Review Key Concepts
	Test Your Knowledge
	Interpret the Data
Appendix A: Answers
Appendix B: Classification System
Glossary
Index