Biological Psychology

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 11
Copyright......Page 12
Brief Contents......Page 15
Contents......Page 17
1. The Major Issues......Page 31
MODULE 1.1 The Mind–Brain Relationship......Page 32
Biological Explanations of Behavior......Page 33
The Brain and Conscious Experience......Page 35
Career Opportunities......Page 37
In Closing: Your Brain and Your Experience......Page 39
Mendelian Genetics......Page 41
Heredity and Environment......Page 43
The Evolution of Behavior......Page 45
In Closing: Genes and Behavior......Page 49
Reasons for Animal Research......Page 51
The Ethical Debate......Page 52
In Closing: Humans and Animals......Page 54
Exploration and Study......Page 55
2. Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses......Page 57
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Pioneer of Neuroscience......Page 58
The Blood-Brain Barrier......Page 64
The Nourishment of Vertebrate Neurons......Page 65
In Closing: Neurons......Page 66
The Resting Potential of the Neuron......Page 67
The Action Potential......Page 70
Propagation of the Action Potential......Page 73
The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction......Page 74
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Small Neurons and Big Misconceptions......Page 75
In Closing: Neural Messages......Page 76
Exploration and Study......Page 77
3. Synapses......Page 79
The Properties of Synapses......Page 80
In Closing: The Neuron as Decision Maker......Page 84
The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at Synapses......Page 86
The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse......Page 87
In Closing: Neurotransmitters and Behavior......Page 96
What Abused Drugs Have in Common......Page 98
A Survey of Abused Drugs......Page 100
Alcohol and Alcoholism......Page 103
Addiction......Page 105
Medications to Combat Substance Abuse......Page 107
In Closing: Drugs and Behavior......Page 108
Exploration and Study......Page 110
4. Anatomy of the Nervous System......Page 113
Terminology to Describe the Nervous System......Page 114
The Spinal Cord......Page 116
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Goose Bumps......Page 117
The Hindbrain......Page 119
The Midbrain......Page 121
The Forebrain......Page 122
The Ventricles......Page 125
In Closing: Learning Neuroanatomy......Page 126
Organization of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 128
The Temporal Lobe......Page 130
The Frontal Lobe......Page 132
How Do the Parts Work Together?......Page 133
In Closing: Functions of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 135
Correlating Brain Anatomy With Behavior......Page 137
Recording Brain Activity......Page 139
Effects of Brain Damage......Page 141
Effects of Brain Stimulation......Page 143
Differences in Brain Size and Structure......Page 144
In Closing: Research Methods and Their Limits......Page 149
Exploration and Study......Page 150
5. Development and Plasticity of the Brain......Page 153
Maturation of the Vertebrate Brain......Page 154
Pathfinding by Axons......Page 156
Determinants of Neuronal Survival......Page 159
The Vulnerable Developing Brain......Page 160
Differentiation of the Cortex......Page 161
Fine-Tuning by Experience......Page 162
In Closing: Brain Development......Page 167
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS How Woodpeckers Avoid Concussions......Page 169
Later Mechanisms of Recovery......Page 171
In Closing: Brain Damage and Recovery......Page 177
Exploration and Study......Page 178
6. Vision......Page 181
General Principles of Perception......Page 182
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain......Page 183
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones......Page 185
Color Vision......Page 187
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS People With Four Cone Types......Page 192
In Closing: Visual Receptors......Page 193
Processing in the Retina......Page 195
Pathways to the Lateral Geniculate and Beyond......Page 198
Pattern Recognition in the Cerebral Cortex......Page 199
METHODS 6.1 Microelectrode Recordings......Page 201
Disorders of Object Recognition......Page 204
The Color, Motion, and Depth Pathways......Page 205
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Suppressed Vision During Eye Movements......Page 207
In Closing: From Single Cells to Vision......Page 208
Early Experience and Visual Development......Page 210
In Closing: The Nature and Nurture of Vision......Page 216
Exploration and Study......Page 217
7. The Other Sensory Systems......Page 219
Sound and the Ear......Page 220
Pitch Perception......Page 222
The Auditory Cortex......Page 224
Sound Localization......Page 226
In Closing: Functions of Hearing......Page 228
Somatosensation......Page 229
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Tickle......Page 230
Pain......Page 233
Itch......Page 237
In Closing: The Mechanical Senses......Page 238
Chemical Coding......Page 240
Taste......Page 241
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Chemicals That Alter the Taste Buds......Page 242
Olfaction......Page 245
Synesthesia......Page 249
In Closing: Different Senses as Different Ways of Knowing the World......Page 251
Exploration and Study......Page 252
8. Movement......Page 255
Muscles and Their Movements......Page 256
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Infant Reflexes......Page 260
In Closing: Categories of Movement......Page 262
MODULE 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement......Page 264
The Cerebral Cortex......Page 265
The Cerebellum......Page 272
The Basal Ganglia......Page 275
Brain Areas and Motor Learning......Page 276
In Closing: Movement Control and Cognition......Page 277
Parkinson’s Disease......Page 279
Huntington’s Disease......Page 283
In Closing: Heredity and Environment in Movement Disorders......Page 286
Exploration and Study......Page 287
9. Wakefulness and Sleep......Page 289
Endogenous Cycles......Page 290
Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock......Page 291
Mechanisms of the Biological Clock......Page 294
In Closing: Sleep–Wake Cycles......Page 297
The Stages of Sleep......Page 299
Paradoxical or REM Sleep......Page 300
Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness and Arousal......Page 302
Brain Function in REM Sleep......Page 304
Sleep Disorders......Page 305
In Closing: Stages of Sleep......Page 308
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Hibernation......Page 310
Functions of REM Sleep......Page 313
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming......Page 314
In Closing: Our Limited Self-Understanding......Page 315
Exploration and Study......Page 317
10. Internal Regulation......Page 319
MODULE 10.1 Temperature Regulation......Page 320
Controlling Body Temperature......Page 321
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Surviving in Extreme Cold......Page 322
In Closing: Combining Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms......Page 325
Osmotic Thirst......Page 326
Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger......Page 327
In Closing: The Psychology and Biology of Thirst......Page 329
How the Digestive System Influences Food Selection......Page 330
Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding......Page 332
Brain Mechanisms......Page 336
Eating Disorders......Page 340
In Closing: The Multiple Controls of Hunger......Page 343
Exploration and Study......Page 345
11. Reproductive Behaviors......Page 347
MODULE 11.1 Sex and Hormones......Page 348
Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones......Page 349
Activating Effects of Sex Hormones......Page 351
Parental Behavior......Page 355
In Closing: Reproductive Behaviors and Motivations......Page 357
Evolutionary Interpretations of Mating Behavior......Page 359
Gender Identity and Gender-Differentiated Behaviors......Page 361
Sexual Orientation......Page 365
In Closing: We Are Not All the Same......Page 369
Exploration and Study......Page 371
12. Emotional Behaviors......Page 373
Emotions, Autonomic Arousal, and the James-Lange Theory......Page 374
Brain Areas Associated With Emotion......Page 376
The Functions of Emotions......Page 379
In Closing: Emotions and the Nervous System......Page 381
Attack Behaviors......Page 383
Escape, Fear, and Anxiety......Page 387
METHODS 12.1 Microdialysis......Page 392
In Closing: Doing Something About Emotions......Page 394
Stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis......Page 396
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 399
In Closing: Emotions and Body Reactions......Page 400
Exploration and Study......Page 401
13. The Biology of Learning and Memory......Page 403
Localized Representations of Memory......Page 404
Types of Memory......Page 407
The Hippocampus and Amnesia......Page 409
Other Types of Amnesia......Page 417
The Role of Other Brain Areas in Memory......Page 419
In Closing: Different Types of Memory......Page 421
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Blind Alleys and Abandoned Mines......Page 423
Learning and the Hebbian Synapse......Page 424
Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change......Page 425
Long-Term Potentiation in Vertebrates......Page 426
In Closing: The Physiology of Memory......Page 430
Exploration and Study......Page 431
14. Cognitive Functions......Page 433
Visual and Auditory Connections to the Hemispheres......Page 434
Cutting the Corpus Callosum......Page 435
Development of Lateralization and Handedness......Page 440
Avoiding Overstatements......Page 442
In Closing: One Brain, Two Hemispheres......Page 443
Nonhuman Precursors of Language......Page 445
How Did Humans Evolve Language?......Page 448
Brain Damage and Language......Page 450
Dyslexia......Page 454
In Closing: Language and the Brain......Page 457
Brain Activity Associated With Consciousness......Page 458
Neglect......Page 461
In Closing: Attending to Attention and Being Conscious of Consciousness......Page 463
Exploration and Study......Page 464
15. Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia......Page 467
Major Depressive Disorder......Page 468
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Accidental Discoveries of Psychiatric Drugs......Page 470
Bipolar Disorder......Page 475
Seasonal Affective Disorder......Page 476
In Closing: The Biology of Mood Swings......Page 477
Characteristics......Page 479
APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenia......Page 480
Genetics......Page 481
The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis......Page 483
METHODS 15.1 The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task......Page 485
Treatments......Page 486
In Closing: The Fascination of Schizophrenia......Page 489
Exploration and Study......Page 491
APPENDIX A: Brief, Basic Chemistry......Page 492
APPENDIX B: Society for Neuroscience Policies on the Use of Animals and Human Subjects in Neuroscience Research......Page 497
References......Page 500
Name Index......Page 549
Subject Index/Glossary......Page 564