Biological Magnetic Resonance: Volume 15: In vivo Carbon-13 NMR (Biological Magnetic Resonance)

Contents......Page 12
1.1. Overview......Page 18
1.2. Definitions......Page 20
2. Characteristics of a Perfect Tracer......Page 26
3.2. Objectives and Identifiability......Page 28
3.3. Parameter Estimation and Goodness of Fit......Page 29
3.4. Linearity and Tracer Models......Page 30
4.1. General Considerations......Page 31
4.2. Single Pool Model......Page 33
4.3. Multicompartmental Catenary Model......Page 35
5. Saturable Kinetic Processes......Page 41
6. Condensation Reactions......Page 42
7. Tissue Heterogeneity......Page 44
7.1. Metabolic and Isotopic Steady State, Time-Dependent Experiment......Page 45
7.2. Tissue Heterogeneity Measured in Pre-Isotopic Steady State......Page 47
7.3. Fractional Enrichment in the Metabolic and Isotopic Steady-State Experiment......Page 50
8.1. Chemical Shift and Spectral Resolution......Page 52
8.3. Detection Limits......Page 53
8.4. Correction for Natural Abundance Fractional Enrichment......Page 54
8.6. Sites of Label Entry and Sampling, and Substrate Enrichment......Page 57
8.7. Fractional Enrichment......Page 62
8.8. Sensitivity and Time......Page 66
8.9. Use of Reporter Molecules......Page 68
9. Conclusions......Page 72
References......Page 73
1. Introduction......Page 76
1.1. The Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Substrate Oxidation......Page 77
1.2. Anaplerotic Functions of the Citric Acid Cycle......Page 79
2. Quantitation of Glutamate Isotopomers by [sup(13)]C NMR......Page 80
2.1. Relation of Glutamate Isotopomers to Multiplets in the [sup(13)]C NMR Spectrum......Page 81
2.3. Quantitation of [sup(13)]C Fractional Enrichment by [sup(1)]H NMR......Page 82
3. Mathematical and Computer Models: Applications for Isotopomer Analysis......Page 84
3.2. Historical Background of Current Modeling Techniques......Page 85
4 .The Evolution of [sup(13)]C Isotopomer in the Citric Acid Cycle......Page 88
5. The Steady-State [sup(13)]C Isotopomer Analysis......Page 92
6. The Nonsteady-State Analysis......Page 98
7. The Direct C4 Analysis: A Readout of Relative Substrate Utilization......Page 101
8. Steady-State Analysis under Nonsteady-State Conditions......Page 104
9. Absolute Metabolic Fluxes from [sup(13)]C Isotopomer Data......Page 105
10. Other Considerations......Page 111
References......Page 112
1. Introduction......Page 116
2. Approach to Analyzing Labeling Kinetics......Page 118
3. Formulation of Model......Page 119
4. Numerical Methods......Page 125
5. Results and Discussion......Page 127
6. Conclusions......Page 130
References......Page 132
1. Introduction......Page 134
2. The General Utility of Dynamic-Mode [sup(13)]C NMR: Lessons from the Heart......Page 135
3. [sup(13)]CNMR and Metabolic Activity......Page 140
4. [sup(13)]C-Enrichment Patterns and Oxidative Metabolism......Page 143
5. Fractional Enrichment and [sup(13)]C NMR of Metabolic Flux......Page 148
6. Models and Parameters of Glutamate Enrichment......Page 151
7. Direct Kinetic Analysis of Dynamic [sup(13)]C NMR Spectra......Page 154
8. Metabolic Flux and Regulation from Dynamic [sup(13)]C NMR Spectroscopy......Page 163
9. Metabolite Compartmentation Effects on [sup(13)]C Kinetics......Page 166
10. [sup(13)]CNMR of Subcellular Transport Rates......Page 169
11. Summary......Page 173
References......Page 174
1. Introduction......Page 178
2.1. “Stunned” Myocardium......Page 179
2.2. “Hibernating” Myocardium......Page 183
2.3. Implications for Distinguishing Types of Dysfunctional Myocardium in the Clinical Setting: In Vivo [sup(13)]C NMR......Page 184
2.4. A Strategy for Measuring TCA Cycle Flux with [sup(13)]C NMR......Page 186
3.1. Metabolic Changes in Ischemic Preconditioned Hearts......Page 189
3.2. Attenuated Ischemic Acidosis in Preconditioned Hearts......Page 190
4. Summary......Page 195
References......Page 196
1. Introduction......Page 198
2.1. A General Description......Page 200
2.2. Theoretical Basis of the Kinetic Modeling: Mass and Isotope Balance......Page 203
2.3. Overview of Interpretation of the Data by Mathematical Modeling......Page 204
2.4. Methods of Detection Currently in Use for Metabolic Studies of Brain in vivo......Page 207
3.1. Description of Metabolic Flow......Page 209
3.2. Equations and Procedures Used to Determine Model Parameters......Page 210
3.4. Determination of V[sub(x)]/V[sub(tca)] and V[sub(tca)] from V[sub(gt)] and C4/C3 Labeling Time Courses......Page 211
3.5. Determination of Glutamate/Glutamine Carbon Flow (V[sub(gln)])......Page 212
4. Derivation of Secondary Parameters......Page 214
4.1. Estimation of Carbon Sources for the TCA Cycle......Page 215
5.1. Glucose Turnover Time......Page 216
5.3. Effects of Metabolic Intermediates and Aspartate......Page 218
5.6. Pyruvate Carboxylase......Page 220
5.8. Glucose Label Scrambling......Page 222
5.9. Glutamate/Glutamine Carbon Flow......Page 223
6.1. Neuronal Activity and Compartmentation......Page 224
6.2. Effects of Glutamate/Glutamine Compartmentation on Measured V[sub(tca)]......Page 225
7. Future of [sup(13)]C-Labeling Studies of the Brain in Vivo......Page 227
References......Page 228
1. Introduction......Page 232
2.1. The Myoglobin System......Page 235
2.2. The Lactate and Alanine Systems......Page 236
2.3. The Creatine Kinase System......Page 238
3. The History of Cellular [sup(13)]C NMR......Page 240
4. Post-Steady-State Analysis......Page 241
4.1. The Theory of Post-Steady-State Analysis......Page 243
5. In Vivo [sup(13)]C NMR Analysis of Substrate Selection......Page 247
6. Conclusions......Page 252
References......Page 254
Contents of Previous Volumes......Page 256
F......Page 270
M......Page 271
W......Page 272