Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
ISBN 101402052820......Page 4
Table of contents (with page links)......Page 5
Biological invasions belowground—earthworms as invasive species......Page 6
References......Page 9
Abstract......Page 10
Introduction......Page 11
Results......Page 13
Discussion......Page 20
References......Page 21
Site description and background......Page 24
Results and discussion......Page 25
References......Page 27
Introduction......Page 28
Northeastern Europe: macro-scale distribution of earthworms......Page 29
North America: European earthworm invasion of northern hardwood forests......Page 31
Mechanisms and constraints of earthworm distributions......Page 32
References......Page 37
Keywords......Page 40
Impacts on soils......Page 41
Impacts on plant communities......Page 43
Summary and future research......Page 46
References......Page 48
Introduction......Page 52
History of earthworm invasions in the tropics......Page 53
Native and exotic earthworm species in the tropics......Page 54
Mechanisms of earthworm invasions in the tropics – Pontoscolex corethrurus as a case study......Page 55
Ecological consequences of earthworm invasion in the tropics......Page 58
Concluding remarks......Page 59
References......Page 60
Introduction......Page 62
Earthworm impacts on microbial species and communities......Page 64
Earthworm impacts on microbial biomass......Page 69
Earthworm impacts on microbial activity......Page 72
Conclusions......Page 75
References......Page 76
Abstract......Page 80
Introduction......Page 81
Impact on microarthropods......Page 82
Impact on Enchytraeidae and microfauna......Page 84
Impact on macroand megafauna......Page 86
Conclusions......Page 87
References......Page 88
Abstract......Page 92
Introduction......Page 93
Interactions between native and exotic earthworms......Page 94
Invasion resistance by native earthworms and their habitats......Page 99
Co-existence of native and exotic earthworms......Page 101
Conclusions......Page 102
References......Page 103
Keywords......Page 106
Distributions of exotic earthworms: ‘‘Accidental’’ establishment at different scales, using Australia as an example......Page 107
Managing deliberate introductions......Page 109
In.uences on soil properties and plant production......Page 112
Interactions with other fauna......Page 115
References......Page 116
Keywords......Page 122
Patterns of earthworm invasion in North America......Page 123
Ecological effects of introduced earthworms......Page 125
Control of earthworm invasions......Page 126
Regulation of earthworm-containing materials......Page 127
In.uence of management practices on introduced earthworms......Page 130
References......Page 132