Biological and Bio-Inspired Fluid Dynamics: Theory and Application

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Human-Centric Perspective
	1.2 Scaling in Biology and Fluid Dynamics
	1.3 Contingency vs. Evolutionary Convergence
		1.3.1 Organization and Biodiversity
		1.3.2 Replaying Evolutionary History
		1.3.3 Evolutionary Convergence
		1.3.4 Biomimetics vs. Bioinspiration
	1.4 Diversity vs. Generality
		1.4.1 Speciation
		1.4.2 Allometry
		1.4.3 Abstraction
	1.5 Observe, Speculate, and Hypothesize
	References
2 Fundamentals
	2.1 Vector Calculus
	2.2 Continuity
		2.2.1 Exercise with Continuity
	2.3 Navier–Stokes Equation
	2.4 Strain Rate and Vorticity
		2.4.1 Exercise with Vorticity
	2.5 Circulation and Model Vortices
	Reference
3 Scaling
	3.1 Normalization
	3.2 Stokes Flow
		3.2.1 Exercise for Stokes\' Drag on a Sphere
	3.3 Boundary-Layer Approximation
		3.3.1 Exercise on Jellyfish Propulsion and Self-Similar Jets
		3.3.2 Exercise on Bounding Flight and Wakes
		3.3.3 Exercise with Unsteady Boundary Layer
	3.4 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Equation
		3.4.1 Exercise for Drag on Streamlined Bodies
	References
4 Internal Flows
	4.1 Couette Flow
	4.2 Non-Newtonian and Viscoelastic Fluids
		4.2.1 Exercise with a Rheometer
		4.2.2 Modeling Blood: The Casson Model
	4.3 Steady Duct Flow
	4.4 Hagen–Poiseuille Flow
		4.4.1 Exercise Comparing Flow Through Blood Vessels
	4.5 Pipe Flow with Oscillating Pressure Gradient
		4.5.1 Exercise on Pulsatile Blood Flow
	4.6 Pulsatile Flow in Flexible Pipes
		4.6.1 Exercise on Pressure Variation and Compliance in the Aortic Arch
	4.7 Wave Propagation in Flexible Pipes
	References
5 External Flows
	5.1 Strip Theory
	5.2 Kutta–Joukowski Theorem and the Generation of Lift
		5.2.1 Exercise on the Origins of Flight
	5.3 Unsteady (Planar) Wakes
		5.3.1 Exercise on Simultaneous Generation of Lift and Thrust
	5.4 Decomposition of Forces (Circulatory vs. Added Mass)
		5.4.1 Circulatory Force
		5.4.2 Added-Mass Force
		5.4.3 Exercise on Gust Response of Milkweed Seed
	5.5 Rapid Area Change
		5.5.1 Exercise on Perching
	5.6 Root and Tip Vortices
	5.7 Helmholtz Vortex Laws and Wake Structure
	5.8 Actuator-Disk Theory
	5.9 Structural Loading on Appendages
		5.9.1 Exercise for Albatross Take-Off Process
	5.10 Fluid–Structure Interactions on Appendages
	References