Bioinspired Materials Surfaces: Nature-Inspired Micro-/Nanostructures

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1: Biological Surfaces in Nature
		1.1.1: Lotus Leaves
		1.1.2: Spider Silks
		1.1.3: Cactus Spines
		1.1.4: Morpho Butterflies
		1.1.5: Beetle Backs
		1.1.6: Water Strider Legs
		1.1.7: Nepenthes Petals
		1.1.8: Feathers
		1.1.9: Gecko Feet
		1.1.10: Shark Skin
		1.1.11: Compound Eyes
	1.2: Theory and Foundation Based on Physics and Chemistry
		1.2.1: Young’s Equation
		1.2.2: Wenzel’s Law
		1.2.3: Cassie’s Law
		1.2.4: Special Wettability States
		1.2.5: Two Superhydrophobic States
		1.2.6: Dynamic Contact Angle and CAH
		1.2.7: Wettability Induced by Anisotropic Structures
		1.2.8: Nonequilibrium Interface Forces for Liquid Spreading and Transport
	1.3: Biological Structure Models
		1.3.1: Isotropic Micro- and Nanostructures
		1.3.2: Anisotropic Structures
		1.3.3: Heterogeneous Wettable Patterns
		1.3.4: Gradient Roughness and Conical Geometry
		1.3.5: Cooperative Rough and Curvature Gradients
		1.3.6: Liquid-Infused Interfaces
	1.4: Bioinspired Methods and Techniques to Fabricate Surfaces
		1.4.1: Electrochemistry
		1.4.2: Soft Lithography
		1.4.3: Dip Coating
		1.4.4: Microfluidics
		1.4.5: Electrospinning
		1.4.6: Imprinting
	1.5: General Materials for Bioinspired Fabrication
		1.5.1: Spindle-Knotted Structured Fibers
		1.5.2: Micro- and Nanostructure of Lotus Leaves
		1.5.3: Compound-Eye Structured Surface
Chapter 2: Water-Repellent Surfaces
	2.1: Biological Water-Repellent Surfaces
		2.1.1: Dynamic Water Condensation on Lotus Leaves
		2.1.2: Two Superhydrophobic States on Butterfly Wings
		2.1.3: Anisotropic Wettability on Water Strider Legs
		2.1.4: Directional Structures on Grass Leaves
		2.1.5: Droplet Rebounding on Biological Surfaces
	2.2: Necessity of Low Surface Energy
		2.2.1: Waxy and Nonwaxy Coverings for Solid–Liquid–Air Interfaces
		2.2.2: Tunable Water-Repellent Coatings
		2.2.3: Hot-Water Repellency
		2.2.4: Nanostructure-Induced Dynamic Water Repellency
	2.3: Design of Roughness
		2.3.1: Phototunable Rough Structures
		2.3.2: Micro- and Nanostructured Surfaces for Water Repellency
		2.3.3: Nanostructure Design
		2.3.4: Multilevel Roughness for Water Repellency
	2.4: Role of Micro- and Nanostructures
		2.4.1: Rebounding on Micro- and Nanostructured Surfaces
		2.4.2: Tower-Like Structures with Nanoroughness for Condensed Droplet Rebounding
		2.4.3: Textured Surfaces with Pancake Rebound
		2.4.4: Transparent Superhydrophobic Films with Hierarchical Design
		2.4.5: Microsphere-Fiber Interpenetrated Structures
		2.4.6: Droplet Rotational Bouncing on an Adhesive Spiral Surface
	2.5: Coating for Self-Cleaning Applications
		2.5.1: Dentistry
		2.5.2: Self-Cleaning Transparent Heat Mirrors
		2.5.3: Bactericidal Surfaces
		2.5.4: Spray Coating of Stable Emulsions
		2.5.5: Highly Transparent and Hazy Cellulose Nanopaper
		2.5.6: Cotton Fabric Modified by a Simple Immersion Technique
		2.5.7: Controlling Liquid Splash
		2.5.8: Fluorine-Free Superwetting Systems
		2.5.9: High Stress-Resistant Super-Repellent Materials
		2.5.10: Coatings from Identical Precursors
		2.5.11: Anti-Fingerprint Coatings
Chapter 3: Water-Collecting Surfaces
	3.1: Biological Water-Collecting Surfaces in Nature
		3.1.1: Cooperation of Roughness and Curvature
		3.1.2: Superhydrophobic/Hydrophilic Patterns
		3.1.3: Geometric Gradient of the Cactus Spine
		3.1.4: Hierarchical Microchannels for Water Transport
	3.2: Bioinspired Spindle-Knot Structured Fibers
		3.2.1: Methods of Spindle-Knot Fiber Fabrication
		3.2.2: Large Droplet Formation by Spindle-Knots
		3.2.3: Water Collection by Spindle-Knots
		3.2.4: Flexible Spindle-Knot for Droplet Capture and Release
		3.2.5: Gradient-Sized Spindle-Knots on Fibers
		3.2.6: Large-Scale Cavity Microfibers with Spindle-Knots
		3.2.7: Wet Assembly for Spindle-Knots
		3.2.8: Stimuli-Responsive Fiber
		3.2.9: Tunable-Wettability Interface
		3.2.10: Digital Control Coded Microfiber
	3.3: Bioinspired Cactus Spines for Fog-Water Harvesting
		3.3.1: Heterogeneous Rough Conical Wires
		3.3.2: Conical Spine with Micro-/Nanostructures
		3.3.3: Cactus-Stem-Inspired Cone-Arrayed Surfaces
		3.3.4: Nanocone on 3D Fiber Network
	3.4: Bioinspired Beetle Back for Fog Collection
		3.4.1: Hydrophilic–Superhydrophobic Patterned Surfaces
		3.4.2: Star-Shaped Wettability Patterns
		3.4.3: Hybrid Membrane with Asymmetric Microtopology
		3.4.4: Slippery Asymmetric Bumps
		3.4.5: Inkjet Printing for Direct Micropatterns
	3.5: Water-Collection Engineering and Applications
		3.5.1: Metal-Foam Structured Surface
		3.5.2: Cooling Tower Fog Harvesting in Power Plants
		3.5.3: MOF Materials
		3.5.4: Electrostatic Fog-Water Collection
		3.5.5: Patterned Nanobrush
		3.5.6: Super Moisture-Absorbent Gels
Chapter 4: Anti-Icing/Icephobic Surfaces
	4.1: Bioinspired Anti-Icing Strategies
		4.1.1: Micro- and Nanostructured Surfaces
		4.1.2: Ice Patterns on Different Wettability Surfaces
		4.1.3: Liquid-Infused Nanostructured Surfaces
		4.1.4: Superhydrophobic Flexible Structured Surfaces
	4.2: Fabrication of Composite Structures and Materials
		4.2.1: Superhydrophobic Coatings
		4.2.2: Dual-Scale Structures
		4.2.3: Transparent Polymer Coatings
		4.2.4: Inhibition of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation
		4.2.5: Grooves for Control of Ice Formation
		4.2.6: Self-Lubricating Liquid Water Layer
	4.3: Characterization of Anti-Icing/Icephobic Surfaces
		4.3.1: Long Icing Delay Times of Reference Droplets
		4.3.2: Ice Adhesion
		4.3.3: Self-Shedding Off
		4.3.4: Nanostructure-Tuned Icephobicity
		4.3.5: Thermal Behavior on Icephobic Surfaces
		4.3.6: Rate of Ice Formation
	4.4: Challenging Issues for Future Applications
		4.4.1: Magnetically Responsive Hair Arrays
		4.4.2: Low-Interfacial-Toughness Materials
		4.4.3: Micro- and Nanostructured Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications
		4.4.4: Icephobic Coatings and Applications
		4.4.5: Ice Adhesion and Material Categories
Chapter 5: Surfaces for Droplet Transport
	5.1: Theory of Driving a Droplet on a Surface
		5.1.1: Surface Static Gradient
		5.1.2: Surface Dynamic Gradient
		5.1.3: Role of Multigradient Cooperation
	5.2: Fabrication of Gradients on a Surface
		5.2.1: Dip-Coating Method
		5.2.2: Fluid-Coating Method
		5.2.3: Microfluidic Method
		5.2.4: Self-Assembly
		5.2.5: Electrospinning Method
		5.2.6: Electrochemistry
		5.2.7: Soft Lithography
		5.2.8: 3D Printing
	5.3: Control of Droplet Transport
		5.3.1: Unidirectional Spreading on Asymmetric Nanostructured Surfaces
		5.3.2: Unidirectional Spreading of Droplets on a Fibrous Surface
		5.3.3: Nepenthes-Peristome-Inspired Unidirectional Liquid Transport
		5.3.4: Droplet Transport on an Integrative Janus Membrane and Conical Spine
		5.3.5: Oriented-Structure-Induced Liquid Transport
		5.3.6: Unidirectional Drop Cargo Transport
		5.3.7: Time-Dependent Liquid Transport
		5.3.8: Liquid Transport in Hierarchical Microchannels
	5.4: Droplet Transport Controlled by External Actions
		5.4.1: Magnet-Induced Dynamic Arrays for Microdroplet Transport
		5.4.2: Droplet Transport on a Photoinduced Dynamic Gradient
		5.4.3: Magnetic Tubular Microactuators
		5.4.4: Oil Droplet Self-Transportation
		5.4.5: Electrochemistry-Controlled Droplet Transport
		5.4.6: Surface Tension Transport
		5.4.7: Programmed Droplet Transport
Chapter 6: Antiadhesive/Adhesive Surfaces
	6.1: Antiadhesive Surfaces
		6.1.1: Description of Antiadhesion on Superhydrophobic Surfaces
		6.1.2: Characterization of Adhesion
	6.2: Solid–Liquid–Liquid Interfaces of Hydrophobic Liquid-Infused Surfaces
		6.2.1: Bioinspired Slippery Surfaces
		6.2.2: Antiadhesion Organogel Materials
		6.2.3: Superhydrophilic Antiadhesive Surfaces
		6.2.4: Droplet Slippage on Water-Spreading Surfaces
	6.3: Low Adhesion on Solid–Liquid–Air Interfaces of Superhydrophobic Surfaces
		6.3.1: Antifogging Performance
			6.3.1.1: Fly-eye-inspired superhydrophobic nanostructures
			6.3.1.2: Air-trapped hollow microsphere nanocomposites
		6.3.2: Antiadhesion of Coalesced Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces
			6.3.2.1: Nanostructure arrays
			6.3.2.2: Hierarchical structured superhydrophobic surfaces
		6.3.3: Ultra-Antiadhesion with Pancake Bouncing on Superhydrophobic Surfaces
	6.4: Antifouling Marine Surfaces
		6.4.1: Biological Fouling Organisms and Adhesion
		6.4.2: Antifouling of Bioinspired Engineered Topographies
		6.4.3: Vascularized Fouling-Release
	6.5: Anti-Crude-Oil Adhesion of Polyionized Hydrogels
		6.5.1: Design of Hydrogel Materials
		6.5.2: Anti-Crude-Oil-Adhesion Coating
	6.6: Adhesion Surfaces
		6.6.1: Wet Adhesion
			6.6.1.1: Petal effect
			6.6.1.2: Controlled liquid splash
			6.6.1.3: Marine organism adhesion
			6.6.1.4: Tree frog adhesion
		6.6.2: Dry Adhesion
			6.6.2.1: Gecko feet with antiadhesion and adhesion
			6.6.2.2: Bioinspired composite microfibers
			6.6.2.3: Gradient micropillars with optimal adhesion
		6.6.3: Reversible Adhesion
			6.6.3.1: Temperature-controlled adhesion
			6.6.3.2: Meniscus-controlled octopus-inspired adhesives
			6.6.3.3: Magnet-controlled soft millirobot
Chapter 7: Outlook
	7.1: Advances in Bioinspired Material Surfaces
		7.1.1: Significance
		7.1.2: Development
		7.1.3: Multidisciplinary Approaches
	7.2: Increasing Research Trends
		7.2.1: Worldwide Attention
		7.2.2: Promising Future for Applications
		7.2.3: Increase in Bioinspired Research
Index