Bioinspired and Green Synthesis of Nanostructures: A Sustainable Approach

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Bioinspired and Green Synthesis of Nanostructures: A Sustainable Approach
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Contents
Preface
1. Green Synthesis: Introduction, Mechanism, and Effective Parameters
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 What Are Nanoparticles?
	1.3 Types of Nanoparticles
		1.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticle
			1.3.1.1 Green Synthesis of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles
			1.3.1.2 Green Synthesis of Gold (Au) Nanoparticles
			1.3.1.3 Green Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles
			1.3.1.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
		1.3.2 Organic Nanoparticles
			1.3.2.1 Liposomes
			1.3.2.2 Micelles
			1.3.2.3 Dendrimers
	1.4 Approaches
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2. Greener Nanoscience: Proactive Approach to Advancing Nanotechnology Applications and Reducing Its Negative Consequences
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Why Do We Need Green Nanoscience Approaches?
	2.3 Green Nanotechnology
	2.4 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	2.5 Advantages of Green Nanoscience
		2.5.1 Green Nanoscience in Industries
		2.5.2 Green Nanoscience in Automobiles
		2.5.3 Green Nanoelectronics
		2.5.4 Green Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture
		2.5.5 Green Nanoscience in Medicines
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3. Optimization of the Process Parameters to Develop Green-Synthesized Nanostructures with a Special Interest in Cancer Theranostics
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Conventional Techniques in Nanoparticle Synthesis
		3.1.2 Green Nanotechnology
	3.2 Mechanism Underlying Green Synthesis
	3.3 Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics
	3.4 Optimizing the Synthesis and Subsequent Characterizations
		3.4.1 Approaches to Achieve Optimization
		3.4.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles
	Acknowledgment
	References
4. Sustainability: An Emerging Design Criterion in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Biotemplates
		4.2.1 Plant-Based Biotemplates
		4.2.2 Microorganism-Based Biotemplates
			4.2.2.1 Bacteria
			4.2.2.2 Fungi
			4.2.2.3 Yeast
			4.2.2.4 Algae
	4.3 Synthesis Routes
		4.3.1 Effect of pH
		4.3.2 Effect of Temperature
		4.3.3 Effect of Biomolecules
			4.3.3.1 Plant-Based
			4.3.3.2 Microorganism-Based
	4.4 Applications
		4.4.1 Biomedical Application
			4.4.1.1 Antimicrobial Activity
			4.4.1.2 Biomedication
			4.4.1.3 Vaccines
			4.4.1.4 Antidiabetic
			4.4.1.5 Diagnostic Applications
		4.4.2 Environmental Application
			4.4.2.1 Environmental Remediation
			4.4.2.2 Catalytic Removal of Textile Dyes
			4.4.2.3 Wastewater Treatment
			4.4.2.4 Agriculture
	4.5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
5. Green Conversion Methods to Prepare Nanoparticle
	5.0 Introduction
	5.1 Bacteria
	5.2 Fungi
	5.3 Yeast
	5.4 Viruses
	5.5 Algae
	5.6 Plants
	5.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
6. Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials From Algae
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Algal System-Mediated Nanomaterial Synthesis
	6.3 Factors Affecting the Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		6.3.1 Light
		6.3.2 Temperature
		6.3.3 Incubation Period
		6.3.4 pH
		6.3.5 Precursor Concentration and Bioactive Catalyst
	6.4 Applications of the Green Synthesized Nanomaterials
		6.4.1 Antimicrobial Agents
		6.4.2 Anticancerous
		6.4.3 Biosensing
		6.4.4 Bioremediation
	6.5 Future Perspectives
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7. Interactions of Nanoparticles with Plants: Accumulation and Effects
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Uptake and Translocation of Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers in Plants
	7.3 Nanoparticle-Mediated Sensing and Biosensing in Plants
	7.4 Tolerance Versus Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Plants
	7.5 Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Fertilizers, Pesticides, Other Agrochemicals in Plants
	7.6 Nanoparticle-Mediated Non-Viral Gene Delivery in Plants
	7.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
8. A Clean Nano-Era: Green Synthesis and Its Progressive Applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Green Synthetic Approaches
		8.2.1 Microorganism-Induced Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		8.2.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bacteria
		8.2.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi
		8.2.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Actinomycetes
		8.2.5 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae
		8.2.6 Plant Extracts for Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
	8.3 Nanoparticles Obtained Using Green Synthetic Approaches and Their Applications
		8.3.1 Synthesis of Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au)
		8.3.2 Synthesis of Palladium (Pd) Nanoparticles
		8.3.3 Synthesis of Copper (Cu) Nanoparticles
		8.3.4 Synthesis of Silver Oxide (Ag2O) Nanoparticles
		8.3.5 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles
		8.3.6 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles
		8.3.7 Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9. A Decade of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Innovation Upheaval and Implementation
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Bioinspired Nanostructures
		9.2.1 Materials Inspired by Structural Properties of Natural Organism
	9.3 Biomimetic Structures
	9.4 Biomimetic Synthesis Processes and Products
	9.5 Application of Bioinspired and Biomimetic Structure
	9.6 Conclusion
	9.7 Future Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
10. A Feasibility Study of the Bioinspired Green Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Biopolymers
		10.2.1 Cellulose
		10.2.2 Chitosan
		10.2.3 Starch
		10.2.4 Chitin
		10.2.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
		10.2.6 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
	10.3 Different Types of Bioinspired Nanocomposites
		10.3.1 Polymer-HAp Nanoparticle Composites
		10.3.2 Nanowhisker-Based Bionanocomposites
		10.3.3 Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites
	10.4 Fabrication of Bionanocomposites
		10.4.1 Electrospinning
		10.4.2 Solvent Casting
		10.4.3 Melt Moulding
		10.4.4 Freeze Drying
		10.4.5 3D Printing
		10.4.6 Ball Milling Method
		10.4.7 Microwave-Assisted Method for Bionanocomposite Preparation
		10.4.8 Ultraviolet Irradiation Method
	10.5 Application of Bionanocomposites
		10.5.1 Orthopedics
		10.5.2 Dental Applications
		10.5.3 Tissue Engineering
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
11. Bioinspiration as Tools for the Design of Innovative Materials and Systems Bioinspired Piezoelectric Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications
	11.1 Bioinspiration and Sophisticated Materials Design
		11.1.1 Piezoelectricity in Natural Bulk Materials
		11.1.2 Piezoelectricity in Proteins
		11.1.3 Piezoelectric Ultra-Short Peptides
		11.1.4 Single Amino Acid Assembly and Coassembly-Based Piezoelectric Materials
	11.2 Biomedical Applications
		11.2.1 Piezoelectric Sensors
		11.2.2 Tissue Regeneration
	11.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	Acknowledgment
	References
12. Protein Cages and their Potential Application in Therapeutics
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Different Methods of Cage Modifications and Cargo Loading
	12.3 Applications of Protein Cages in Biotechnology and Therapeutics
		12.3.1 Protein Cage as Targeted Delivery Vehicles for Therapeutic Protein
		12.3.2 Protein Cage-Based Encapsulation and Targeting of Anticancer Drugs
		12.3.3 Protein Cage-Based Immune-Therapy
	12.4 Future Perspective
	12.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
13. Green Nanostructures: Biomedical Applications and Toxicity Studies
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Moving Toward Green Nanostructures
	13.3 Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
	13.4 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Green Nanostructures
		13.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles
		13.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles
		13.4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
		13.4.4 Selenium Nanoparticles
	13.5 Microbe-Based Synthesis
		13.5.1 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of NPs
		13.5.2 Fungus-Mediated Synthesis of NPs
		13.5.3 Actinomycete-Mediated Synthesis of NPs
	13.6 Toxicity of Nanostructures
	13.7 Conclusion
	References
14. Future Challenges for Designing Industry-Relevant Bioinspired Materials
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Bioinspired Materials
	14.3 Applications of Bioinspired Materials and Their Industrial Relevance
	14.4 Bioinspired Materials in Optics
		14.4.1 Applications in Optics
		14.4.2 Bioinspired Materials in Energy
		14.4.3 Applications in Energy
		14.4.4 Bioinspired Materials in Medicine
	14.5 Applications in Medicine
	14.6 Future Challenges for Industrial Relevance
	14.7 Optics-Specific Challenges
	14.8 Energy-Specific Challenges
	14.9 Medicine-Specific Challenges
	14.10 Conclusion
	References
15. Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanostructures: Recent Developments and Applications
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Designing Bioinspired and Bioimitating Structures and Pathways
	15.3 Nanobiomimicry—Confluence of Nanotechnology and Bioengineering
	15.4 Biofunctionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles
		15.4.1 Strategies to Develop Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles
		15.4.2 Fate of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles
		15.4.3 Biofunctionalization Nanoparticles with Different Organic Compounds
			15.4.3.1 Carbohydrates
			15.4.3.2 Nucleic Acid
			15.4.3.3 Peptides
			15.4.3.4 DNA
			15.4.3.5 Antibody
			15.4.3.6 Enzyme
			15.4.3.7 Stability of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles
			15.4.3.8 Applications of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles
	15.5 Multifarious Applications of Biomimicked/Bioinspired Novel Nanomaterials
		15.5.1 Implementation of Nanobiomimicry for Sustainable Development
		15.5.2 Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Therapeutic Applications
		15.5.3 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
			15.5.3.1 Nanosensor Design
			15.5.3.2 Operation of a Biomimetic Sensor
			15.5.3.3 Applications in Environmental Monitoring
		15.5.4 Biomimetic Nanostructure for Advancement of Agriculture and Bioprocess Engineering
		15.5.5 Nanobiomimetics as the Future of Food Process Engineering
	15.6 Emerging Trends and Future Developments in Bioinspired Nanotechnology
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
Index