Bioinoculants: Biological Option for Mitigating global Climate Change

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
1: Microbial Inoculants in the Climate Change Scenario: An Overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Classification of Microbial Inoculants
		1.2.1 Microbial Inoculants as Biofertilizers
			1.2.1.1 Nitrogen Fixers
			1.2.1.2 Mineral Solubilizers
			1.2.1.3 Phytohormone Producers
		1.2.2 Microbial Inoculants as Biocontrol Agents
		1.2.3 Microbial Inoculants as Bioremediation Agents
	1.3 Major Stresses Affecting Crop Production, as a Result of Climate Change
		1.3.1 Abiotic Stress
			1.3.1.1 Salinity Stress
			1.3.1.2 Drought Stress
			1.3.1.3 Temperature Stress
			1.3.1.4 Flooding Stress
			1.3.1.5 Heavy Metals Stress
		1.3.2 Biotic Stress
	1.4 Desirable Properties of Microbial Inoculants to Combat Climate Change
		1.4.1 Efficient Nutrient Utilization and Recycling of Energy
		1.4.2 Production of Plant Growth Regulators
		1.4.3 Abiotic Stress Management
		1.4.4 Biocontrol of Phytopathogens
	1.5 Major Mechanisms Adopted by Microbes to Alleviate Global Climate Change-Induced Stresses
	1.6 Future of Microbial Inoculants in Sustaining Crop Production
	1.7 Conclusions
	References
2: Climate Change, Its Effects on Soil Health, and Role of Bioinoculants in Mitigating Climate Change
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Climate Change, Soil Health, and Agriculture
	2.3 Soil Health Indicators and Its Assessment Methods
	2.4 Climate Change Impacts on Soil and Crop Health
	2.5 Role of Bioinoculants in Enhancing Soil Health/Crop Productivity Under Climate Change Situations
	2.6 Summary and Future Prospects
	References
3: Emerging Weeds Under Climate Change and Their Microbial Management
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Weeds´ Effect on Agriculture Production
		3.2.1 Ecology and Biology of Weeds
		3.2.2 Weed Invasion
		3.2.3 Factors Affecting Weed Emergence and Growth
	3.3 Weeds in Changing Climate
		3.3.1 Factors Influencing Climatic Variations
		3.3.2 Impacts of Climatic Variabilities on Weed Physiology
		3.3.3 Impacts of Climatic Variabilities on Crop Production
		3.3.4 Impacts of Climatic Variabilities on Crop-Weed Interaction
			3.3.4.1 Impacts of Elevated CO2 on Crop-Weed Interaction
			3.3.4.2 Impacts of Elevated Temperature on Crop-Weed Interaction
			3.3.4.3 Combined Impacts of Enhanced CO2 and Temperature on Crop-Weed Interaction
			3.3.4.4 Impacts of Drought on Crop-Weed Interaction
		3.3.5 Impacts of Climatic Variations on the Effectiveness of Weedicides
			3.3.5.1 Effect of Elevated CO2 on Effectiveness of Weedicides
			3.3.5.2 Impact of Elevated Temperature on the Effectiveness of Weedicides
			3.3.5.3 Impact of Drought on the Effectiveness of Weedicides
		3.3.6 Impact of Drought on Weed Flora Shift
	3.4 Microbial Resilience to Changing Climate
		3.4.1 Microbial Physiological Alterations
		3.4.2 Microbial-Mediated Plant Physiological Alterations
		3.4.3 Metabolite-Mediated Plant: Microbe Interaction
		3.4.4 Metabolite-Mediated Microbe: Microbe Interaction
	3.5 Microbe-Mediated Management
		3.5.1 Upgrading the Competitive Nature of Crop Plants
			3.5.1.1 Increasing Nutrient Acquisition of Native Crop or Plants
			3.5.1.2 Improving Resilience to Drought in Crop Plants
		3.5.2 Improving Herbicide Tolerance in Crop Plants
			3.5.2.1 Bioaugmentation with Herbicide-Tolerant PGPRs
		3.5.3 Microorganisms in Lowering Greenhouse Gases and Their Impact
		3.5.4 Microbial Genetics in Changing Environment
		3.5.5 Metagenomic Approaches to Advance Microbial Weed Management Tactics
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4: Climate Change and Agriculture: Impact Assessment and Sustainable Alleviation Approach Using Rhizomicrobiome
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Rhizomicrobiome
	4.3 Rhizomicrobiome under Climate Change
		4.3.1 Effects of Temperature
		4.3.2 Effects of CO2 Elevation
		4.3.3 Effect of Salinity
	4.4 Rhizomicrobiome Engineering and Its Role in Mitigating Global Climate Change
	4.5 Microbiome to Combat Environmental Stress
		4.5.1 Microbiome in Drought Tolerance
		4.5.2 Microbiome in Salinity Stress
		4.5.3 Microbiomes for Heat Stress
	4.6 Rhizomicrobiome in GHG Mitigation
	4.7 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
5: Micronutrient Mobilizer Microorganisms: Significance in Crop Sustainability
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Micronutrients and Their Importance
		5.2.1 Iron
			5.2.1.1 Iron Status in Soils
			5.2.1.2 Role of Iron in Plants
			5.2.1.3 Deficiency of Iron in Plants
			5.2.1.4 Fe-Solubilizing Microbes
			5.2.1.5 Mechanism of Fe-Solubilizing Microbes
		5.2.2 Zinc (Zn)
			5.2.2.1 Zn Status in Soils
			5.2.2.2 Roles of Zn in Plants
			5.2.2.3 Zn-Solubilizing Microbes
			5.2.2.4 Mechanism of Zn-Solubilizing Microbes
		5.2.3 Copper (Cu)
			5.2.3.1 Cu Status in Soil
			5.2.3.2 Role of Copper in Plant
			5.2.3.3 Cu-Solubilizing Microbes
			5.2.3.4 Mechanism of Cu-Solubilizing Microbes
		5.2.4 Manganese (Mn)
			5.2.4.1 Role of Mn in Plants
			5.2.4.2 Manganese Status in Soils
			5.2.4.3 Mn-Solubilizing Microbes
			5.2.4.4 Mechanism of Mn-Solubilizing Microbes
		5.2.5 Boron
			5.2.5.1 Role of Boron in Plant Metabolism
			5.2.5.2 Deficiency Symptoms and Critical Limits
			5.2.5.3 Boron Mobilizers or Solubilizes
	5.3 Role of Biotechnology to Develop Efficient Strain of Microorganisms for Micronutrient Solubilization
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6: Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis and Beyond: Producing Synthetic Communities for Increasing Crop Production Under Climate Change ...
	6.1 The Importance of Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis in Climate Change
	6.2 The Challenge of Creating Synthetic Communities
		6.2.1 Not Only Rhizobia and New Host-Microbiome Model Systems
		6.2.2 Core Plant Microbiome in Host-Microbiome Systems and Rules of SynCom Assembly
		6.2.3 Delivery Systems
	6.3 Translating Symbiotic Rhizobial Microbiomes from Model Plant to Nonmodel Crops: The Importance of Systems Biology and Pred...
	6.4 Application of Synthetic Communities in Improving Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
	6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
7: Salinity Mitigation Using Microbial Inoculants
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Salinity Mitigation Strategies
		7.2.1 Physical Mitigation Strategies
		7.2.2 Chemical Mitigation Strategies
		7.2.3 Hydrological Mitigation Strategies
		7.2.4 Biological Mitigation Strategies
	7.3 Role of Microbial Inoculants in Salinity Mitigation
		7.3.1 Bacteria as Salinity Mitigators
		7.3.2 Fungi as Salinity Mitigators
		7.3.3 Algae as Salinity Mitigator
	7.4 Challenges Faced in the Application of Microorganisms as Salinity-Mitigating Agents
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8: Cyanobacterial Bioinoculants for Abiotic Stress Management in the Changing Climate Scenario
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Changing Climate and Agriculture
	8.3 Cyanobacterial Bioinoculants for Sustainable Agriculture
	8.4 Cyanobacterial Bioinoculants for Abiotic Stress Management
		8.4.1 Salinity Tolerance
		8.4.2 Drought Tolerance
		8.4.3 Heavy Metal Tolerance
		8.4.4 Nutrient Poor or Saline-Alkali Soils
	8.5 Biotechnological Interventions for Strain Improvement
	8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
9: Alleviation of Drought Stress and Amelioration of Tomato Plant Growth by Bacterial Inoculants for Mitigating Climate Change
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Deleterious Effect of Drought on Tomato Plant
		9.2.1 Seed Germination and Growth
		9.2.2 Yield and Fruit
	9.3 Induction of Stress Response Genes to Endure Drought Stress
	9.4 Role of Bacterial Inoculants in Mitigation of Drought Stress in Tomato
		9.4.1 Secretion of Phytohormones
		9.4.2 Mineral Solubilization
		9.4.3 ACC Deaminase Production
		9.4.4 Antioxidant Defence and Stress-Related Osmolytes
		9.4.5 Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST)
		9.4.6 Volatile Compounds Production
	9.5 Transgenic Approach for Alleviation of Drought Stress
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
10: Associative Nitrogen Fixers- Options for Mitigating Climate Change
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nitrogen Management in Agriculture: Share of Biologically Fixed Nitrogen
	10.3 Microorganisms Involved in Biological Nitrogen Fixation
		10.3.1 Symbiotic and Free Living N Fixers
		10.3.2 Associative N Fixers
	10.4 Climate Change, Related Abiotic Stresses, and Role of Microorganisms
		10.4.1 Associative Nitrogen Fixers in Mitigation of Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants
		10.4.2 Associative Nitrogen Fixers and GHG Emissions
	10.5 Azospirillum: A Model Associative Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms with Multifarious Traits as Bioinoculant
	10.6 Conclusions and Way Forward
	References
11: Trichoderma-Based Bioinoculant: A Potential Tool for Sustainable Rice Cultivation
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Trichoderma as a Growth-Promoting Agent in Rice Cultivation
	11.3 Trichoderma as a Biocontrol Agent in Rice Cultivation
		11.3.1 Fungal Diseases
		11.3.2 Bacterial Diseases
		11.3.3 Nematode Pest
	11.4 Alleviation of Abiotic Stress in Rice Plant by Trichoderma
		11.4.1 Drought Stress
		11.4.2 Salinity Stress
		11.4.3 Heat Stress
		11.4.4 Elevated CO2 Conditions
		11.4.5 Nutrient Deficiency Stress
	11.5 Understanding and Gaining from Molecular Trichoderma-Rice Plant Interactions
	11.6 Scaling Up the Use of Trichoderma Inoculants for Sustainable Rice Cultivation
		11.6.1 Industrial-Scale Production
		11.6.2 Farmer-Scale Production
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12: Photosynthetic Microorganisms and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change Through C Sequestration and Plant-Soil Interacti...
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 C-Sequestration by Cyanobacteria
		12.2.1 Mechanisms Involved
		12.2.2 Role of CA
		12.2.3 C Fixation and Interrelated Cellular Activities
	12.3 Soil-Plant Interactions with Cyanobacteria in the Context of C Sequestration
		12.3.1 Soil-Plant Interactions with Elevated CO2
		12.3.2 Cyanobacteria-Soil-Plant Interactions with Elevated CO2
	12.4 Future Prospects and Path Ahead
	References
13: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Keystone to Climate-Smart Agriculture
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture: An Integrated Dimension of Sustainable Development
	13.3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Climate-Smart Agriculture
	13.4 Effect of AMF on Greenhouse Gas Emission
		13.4.1 Reduced Emission of Nitrogen by AMF
		13.4.2 Reduced Emission of Methane Gas by AMF
		13.4.3 Reduced CO2 Emission by AMF
	13.5 Effect of AMF on Pest Resistance in Plants
		13.5.1 Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungi Using AMF
		13.5.2 Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Bacteria and Nematodes Using AMF
	13.6 AMF: An Integral Essence of Sustainable Agriculture
	13.7 Conclusion
	References
14: Microbial Siderophores in Sustainable Applications-Preventing and Mitigating Effects of Climate Change
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Siderophores Chemistry, Biology, and Ecology
		14.2.1 Siderophores-Iron Chelating Compounds
		14.2.2 Microbial Siderophores
		14.2.3 Biosynthesis, Transport, and Uptake of Bacterial Siderophores
	14.3 Siderophores in Agriculture-Biofertilization and Biocontrol of Phytopathogens
		14.3.1 Soil Biofertilization with Siderophores
		14.3.2 Siderophores as a Biocontrol of Phytopathogens Agent
	14.4 Siderophores in Bioremediation
		14.4.1 Siderophores-Mediated Heavy Metals Removal from an Environment
		14.4.2 Siderophores-Mediated Waste Treatment
		14.4.3 Siderophore-Assisted Phytoremediation
	14.5 Siderophores as Biosensors in Environmental Pollution Monitoring
	14.6 Future Perspectives
	14.7 Summary
	References