Biogenic Nanomaterials for Environmental Sustainability: Principles, Practices, and Opportunities (Environmental Science and Engineering)

Contents
1 Introduction to Bio-Nanotechnology
	1.1 Bionanotechnology
	1.2 Major Applications of Nanotechnology in Biotechnology
		1.2.1 Diagnostic Applications
		1.2.2 Therapeutic Applications of Nanomaterials and Drug Delivery
		1.2.3 Nanomaterials in Bioreactors and Energy Storage
		1.2.4 Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
		1.2.5 Nanomaterials in Industries—Food, Oil, Cosmetics, Packaging
		1.2.6 Nanozymes, Nanomaterials as Nano-Bio-Catalysts/Enzymes and Additives
		1.2.7 Highly Advantageous Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
		1.2.8 Nanomaterials in Agriculture Industry
	1.3 Challenges and Way Forward
	References
2 Biogenic Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Types of Nanoparticles
		2.2.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
		2.2.2 Liposomes
		2.2.3 Micelles
		2.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes
		2.2.5 Dendrimers
		2.2.6 Quantum Dots
		2.2.7 Green Nanotechnology
		2.2.8 Green Nanomaterial Preparation
		2.2.9 Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fungi
	2.3 Application of Nanomaterials
		2.3.1 Diseases Diagnosis and Imaging
		2.3.2 Drug Delivery
		2.3.3 Cancer Treatment
		2.3.4 Cardiovascular Diseases Treatment
		2.3.5 Nanotechnology and Agricultural
		2.3.6 Nano Fertilizers
		2.3.7 Seed Science
		2.3.8 Seed Storage
		2.3.9 Genetic Manipulation and Crop Improvement
	References
3 Synthesis of Biogenic Nanomaterials, Their Characterization, and Applications
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methods for Nanoparticle Synthesis
		3.2.1 Physical Methods
		3.2.2 Chemical Methods
		3.2.3 Biological Methods
	3.3 Conventional and Biogenic Nanomaterials
	3.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
	3.5 Biogenic Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		3.5.1 Extracellular Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles
		3.5.2 Intracellular Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles
		3.5.3 Synthesis of Bacteria-Mediated Nanoparticles
		3.5.4 Synthesis of Fungi-Mediated Nanoparticles
		3.5.5 Synthesis of Actinomycetes-Mediated Nanoparticles
		3.5.6 Synthesis of Yeast-Mediated Nanoparticles
		3.5.7 Synthesis of Algae-Mediated Nanoparticles
		3.5.8 Synthesis of Plant-Mediated Nanoparticles
	3.6 Challenges Associated with the Biogenic Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		3.6.1 Effect of pH
		3.6.2 Effect of Precursor and Reducing Agents Concentration
		3.6.3 Effect of Temperature
		3.6.4 Effect of Capping Agents
	3.7 Characterization of Biogenic Nanoparticles
		3.7.1 Topography or Surface Morphology of Nanoparticles
		3.7.2 Geometry of Nanoparticles
		3.7.3 Surface Charge and Hydrophobicity of Nanoparticles
		3.7.4 Other Techniques Used for Characterization
	3.8 Applications of Biogenic Nanoparticles
		3.8.1 Nanoparticle and Drug Delivery
		3.8.2 Nanoparticle and Environment
		3.8.3 Nanoparticle and Antimicrobial Activity
		3.8.4 Nanoparticle and Anticancer Property
		3.8.5 Nanoparticle and Wound Healing
	3.9 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
4 Biogenic Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Diverse Microbial Nano-Factories
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Mechanism
		4.2.1 Extracellular Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials
		4.2.2 Intracellular Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials
	4.3 Strategies for Nanomaterial Synthesis Using Microorganisms
		4.3.1 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials- with Cyanobacteria
	4.4 Actinomycetes-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		4.4.1 Metallic Nanomaterials
		4.4.2 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
		4.4.3 Non Metallic Nanomaterials
	4.5 Yeast-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		4.5.1 Metallic Nanomaterials
		4.5.2 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
		4.5.3 Non Metallic Nanomaterials
	4.6 Algae-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		4.6.1 Metallic Nanomaterials
		4.6.2 Metal-Oxide Nanomaterials
		4.6.3 Non-metal Nanomaterials
	4.7 Fungi-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		4.7.1 Metallic Nanomaterials
		4.7.2 Metal-Oxide Nanomaterials
	4.8 Virus-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	4.9 Developmental Challenges and Future Prospects
	4.10 Conclusion
	References
5 Environmental Pollutants Remediation Using Phyto-Nanoparticles: An Overview on Synthesis, Characterization, and Remediation Potential
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Phyto-Nanoparticle Synthesis
	5.3 Phyto-Nanoparticle Characterization Methods
	5.4 Remediation Potential of Phyto-Nanoparticles
		5.4.1 Remediation Potential of Phyto-Nanoparticles for Dyes
		5.4.2 Remediation Potential of Phyto-Nanoparticles for Heavy Metals
		5.4.3 Remediation Potential of Phyto-Nanoparticles for Pharmaceutical Products
		5.4.4 Remediation Potential of Phyto-Nanoparticles for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
		5.4.5 Remediation Potential of Phyto-Nanoparticles for Biocides
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Biogenic Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Bioactive Compounds as Reducing, and Capping Agents
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Bioactive Compounds as Reducing and Capping Agents
		6.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles
		6.2.2 Silver Nanoparticles
		6.2.3 Copper Nanoparticles
		6.2.4 Iron Nanoparticles
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
7 Mycofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Biological Applications
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Why We Choose Silver Nanoparticles
		7.1.2 Synthetic Versus Mycofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles
	7.2 Mycofabrication of Silver Nano Particles
		7.2.1 Optimization of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis
		7.2.2 Effect of pH
		7.2.3 Effect on Tempreture
		7.2.4 Effect of AgNO3 Concentration
		7.2.5 Extracelluar Production of Silver Nanoparticles
		7.2.6 Characteristics of Silver Nanoparticles
	7.3 Applications
		7.3.1 Waste Water Treatment
	7.4 Nanoscale Silver for Bone Mending
		7.4.1 Biomedical Application
		7.4.2 Health Application
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Application in Medicine
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Antimicrobial Application of Myconanoparticles
	8.3 Antibacterial Activity of Myconanoparticles
	8.4 Antibacterial Mechanisms of Nanoparticles
	8.5 Oxidative Stress
	8.6 Dissolved Metal Ions
	8.7 Non-oxidative Mechanisms
	8.8 Interactions of Nanoparticles with Cell Membrane
	8.9 Regulation of Expression of Metabolic Gene by Nanoparticles
	8.10 Inhibition of Formation of Biofilms by Nanoparticles
		8.10.1 Critical Factors Affecting the Antimicrobial Mechanism of Metal Ions
	8.11 Doping Modification
	8.12 Roughness
	8.13 Zeta Potential
	8.14 Environmental Conditions
	8.15 Capping and Stabilisation of Nanoparticles
	8.16 Antibacterial Applications
	8.17 Nanoparticles Coated Implantable Device
	8.18 Wound Dressings
	8.19 Bone Cement
	8.20 Dental Materials
	8.21 Antibiotic Delivery System
	8.22 Antifungal Activity of Myconanoparticles
	8.23 Antiviral Activity Ofmyconanoparticles
	8.24 Conclusion
	References
9 “Nanomaterials Induced Cell Disruption: An Insight into Mechanism”
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Introduction to Cell Types
		9.2.1 Cellular Barriers
	9.3 Cell Disruption
		9.3.1 Importance of Cell Disruption
	9.4 Types of Cell Disruption Methods
		9.4.1 Mechanical Methods of Cell Lysis
		9.4.2 Non-mechanical Methods of Cell Lysis
		9.4.3 Single Cell Lysis Method
	9.5 Nanoparticle Induced Cell Disruption
		9.5.1 Unique Properties of Nanoparticles
	9.6 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Cells
	9.7 Mechanism of Nanomaterials Induced Cell Disruption
		9.7.1 Factors Affecting Nanomaterials Induced Cell Disruption
	9.8 Current Trends for Nanomaterials-Induced Cell Disruption
	9.9 Conclusion
	References
10 Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Mechanism and Environmental Applications
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Bacteriogenic ZnONPs
	10.3 Fungi
	10.4 Algae
	10.5 Plant
	10.6 Mechanism of Microorganism Mediated Synthesis of ZnONPs
		10.6.1 Intracellular Microbial Synthesis
		10.6.2 Extracellular Microbial Synthesis
		10.6.3 Effect of Optimization on the Synthesis of NPs
	10.7 Mechanism of Plant-Mediated Synthesis of ZnONPs
	10.8 Mechanism Behind the Degradation of Pollutants by ZnONPs
	10.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
11 Nanomaterials Prone Cell Leakiness: A Mechanistic Approach
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Mechanisms of Nanotoxicity
		11.2.1 Fenton-Like Reaction
		11.2.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance Enhancement
		11.2.3 Effects of NMs on Cells via Increased ROS Production
	11.3 Oxidative Stress
	11.4 Overview of Nanotoxicity
		11.4.1 Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity
	11.5 Physiochemical Characteristics of Nanoparticles and Their Impact on Toxicity
		11.5.1 Effect of Size
		11.5.2 Effect of Particle Shape
		11.5.3 Effect of Surface Charge
		11.5.4 Effect of Composition and Aggregation
		11.5.5 Effect of Medium and Purity
	11.6 Limitations
	11.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
12 Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery: Application of Polysaccharides and Protein-Based Nanomaterials in Modern Drug Delivery
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Liposome Mediated Drug Delivery
		12.1.2 Transdermal Drug Delivery
		12.1.3 Microemulsion Drug Delivery System
	12.2 Challenges in Drug Delivery
		12.2.1 Nano-Based Drug Delivery
	12.3 Different Types of Nano Carrier
		12.3.1 Nano Micelle
		12.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
		12.3.3 Dendrimers
		12.3.4 Nanoliposomes
		12.3.5 Nano Capsule
		12.3.6 Nanospheres
		12.3.7 Nanogel
		12.3.8 Drug Phospholipid Complex
		12.3.9 Nano Emulsion
	12.4 Polymer Based Nano Carriers
	12.5 Methods of Polymeric-Nanoparticles Synthesis
		12.5.1 Procedures of Polymeric Nanoparticles Formation
		12.5.2 Polymerization of Formed Nanoparticles
	12.6 Polysaccharides Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
		12.6.1 Classification of Polysaccharides Based on Their Varying Sources
	12.7 Protein Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
		12.7.1 Albumins
		12.7.2 Globulins
		12.7.3 Prolamins
		12.7.4 Elastin
		12.7.5 Protamines
		12.7.6 Casein
		12.7.7 Gelatin
		12.7.8 Silk-Fibroin
	12.8 Conclusion
	References
13 Recent Advancements in the Application of Nanomaterial in Modern Drug Delivery and Future Perspective
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Nanomaterial Based Drug Delivery System
	13.3 Basic Principle and Mechanism of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery
		13.3.1 Drug Delivery Strategies Using Nanostructures
	13.4 Nanomaterials Used in Drug Delivery
		13.4.1 Organic and Polymer Based Nanocarrier
		13.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticle as Drug Carrier
	13.5 Clinical Development and Approved Nano Medicines
		13.5.1 Cancer Therapy
		13.5.2 Diagnostic Testing
		13.5.3 Nutraceuticals Delivery
		13.5.4 Clinical Approvals and Market Status of Nano Medicines
	13.6 Advantages of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
	13.7 Toxicity and Hazards of Nanoparticles
		13.7.1 Nanoparticle Toxicity Evidence
		13.7.2 Toxicological Effects of Nanoparticles
	13.8 Challenges and Future Scope
	References
14 Role of Nanotechnology in Medicine: Opportunities and Challenges
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 History of Nanotechnology
		14.1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials
		14.1.3 Classification Based on the Source of Origin
	14.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterial
		14.2.1 Synthesis of Nanomaterial
		14.2.2 Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine
		14.2.3 Medical Diagnostics
		14.2.4 Clinical Therapy and Drug Delivery Systems
		14.2.5 Tissue Growth and Regenerative Medicine
		14.2.6 Bioseparation
	14.3 Opportunities and Challenges of Nanotechnology
		14.3.1 Opportunities
		14.3.2 Challenges for Nanotechnology
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
15 Smart Targeted-Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapeutics
	15.1 Nanoparticles
	15.2 Surface Ligands
		15.2.1 Proteins
		15.2.2 Antibodies and Antibodies Fragments
		15.2.3 Aptamers
		15.2.4 Peptides
		15.2.5 Small Molecules
	15.3 Strategies for Conjugating Functional Ligands into NPs
		15.3.1 Covalent Conjugation
		15.3.2 Non-Covalent Conjugation
	15.4 Overview of Smart Nanoparticles on Clinical Context
	15.5 Challenges and Future Steps
	References
16 Biogenic Nanomaterials as a Catalyst for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
	16.1 Introduction of Biogenic Nanomaterials as a Catalyst for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
	16.2 Dye Generated by Various Industries
	16.3 Drawbacks
	16.4 Biogenic Versus Conventional Nanomaterials
	16.5 The General Process for the Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles
	16.6 Gold Nanoparticles
	16.7 Silver Nanoparticles
	16.8 Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
	16.9 Mechanism for Degradation of Organic Dyes Using Nanoparticles
	16.10 Photocatalytic Application Biogenic Nanomaterials: Degradation of Organic Contaminant
	16.11 Organic Effluent
	16.12 Rhodamine B: Triphenylmethane
	16.13 Photocatalytic Application Biogenic Nanomaterials: Inactivation of Microorganism
	16.14 Types of Nanomaterials Used as Catalysts for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
		16.14.1 Catalysts in AOPs for Removal of Dye from the Food and Chemicals Industry
	16.15 Nanocatalysts
	16.16 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocatalysts
	16.17 Metals Organic Frameworks Synthesized with Nanocomposite
	16.18 Nanomaterials Materials Synthesized by Green Technologies
	16.19 Advanced Method for Dye Degradation Using Biogenic Nanoparticle
	16.20 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
17 Biogenic Metal Based Nanomaterials as Antimicrobial Agents
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Synthesis of Biogenic Nanomaterials
	17.3 Biogenic Nanomaterials as Anti-microbial Agents and Their Morphology
		17.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
		17.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles
		17.3.3 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
	17.4 Conclusion
	References
18 Biogenic Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Mercury Remediation
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 Background Information
		18.1.2 Toxicity of Mercury
		18.1.3 Occurrence and Fate of Hg in the Environment
		18.1.4 Mercury Remediation Strategies
		18.1.5 Conventional Adsorbents Used for Mercury Remediation
	18.2 Biogenic Nanomaterials
		18.2.1 Synthesis
		18.2.2 Characterization
		18.2.3 Mechanism of Adsorption
		18.2.4 Factors Affecting Synthesis and Adsorption
		18.2.5 Application of Biogenic Nanoparticles for Mercury Remediation
		18.2.6 Challenges and Opportunities of Biogenic Nanomaterials
	18.3 Conclusion and Future Recommendation
	References
19 The Occurrence, Effect and Biodegradation of Antibiotics Using Metallic Biogenic Nanomaterials in Water
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Effects of Antibiotics on Aquatic Organisms
	19.3 Occurrence of Antibiotics in Water
	19.4 Degradation of Antibiotics in Water
		19.4.1 Ozonation or Catalytic Ozonation
		19.4.2 Electrochemical Oxidation
		19.4.3 Fenton Oxidation
		19.4.4 Ionizing Radiation
		19.4.5 Photocatalytic Oxidation
		19.4.6 Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP)
	19.5 Biogenic Nanoparticles and Wastewater Treatment
		19.5.1 Application of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Wastewater
		19.5.2 Metallic Nanoparticles Produced Using Environmentally Friendly Methods and Their Impact on Harmful Microbes
	19.6 Conclusion
	References
20 Biogenic Silver Nanoparticle and Their Applications
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Biogenic Ag-Nps Synthesis
		20.2.1 Plant Mediated Ag-NPs Synthesis
		20.2.2 Bacterial Mediated Ag-NPs Synthesis
		20.2.3 Fungal Mediated Ag-NPs Synthesis
		20.2.4 Algal Mediated Ag-NPs Synthesis
	20.3 Applications of Ag-Nps
		20.3.1 Ag-NPs as Antimicrobial Agents
		20.3.2 Ag-NPs Mediated Heavy Metal Remediation
		20.3.3 Ag-NPs Mediated Dye Degradation
	20.4 Conclusion
	References