Biofertilizers: Study and Impact

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. Biofertilizer Utilization in Forestry
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Mechanisms of Actions of Biofertilizers
		1.2.1 Facilitation of N Acquisition
		1.2.2 Facilitation of P Acquisition
		1.2.3 Potassium Solubilization
		1.2.4 Production of Siderophores
		1.2.5 Modulation of Phytohormones
		1.2.6 Phytoprotection
	1.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome of Forestry-Related Biofertilizer Applications
	1.4 Applications of Biofertilizers in Forestry
	1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
2. Impact of Biofertilizers on Horticultural Crops
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Microbial Strains Used in Biofertilizers
	2.3 Impact of Biofertilizer Application on Horticultural Crops
		2.3.1 Increased Yield and Quality of Crops
		2.3.2 Enhanced Nutritional Content of Produce
		2.3.3 Improved Tolerance Against Biotic Stress
		2.3.4 Improved Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress
		2.3.5 Improved Vegetative Propagation Efficiency
	2.4 Future Perspectives and Challenges Ahead
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3. N2 Fixation in Biofertilizers
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Biofertilizers
		3.2.1 Origin
	3.3 Biofertilizer: Transporter Constituents
	3.4 Mechanism of Actions of Biofertilizers
	3.5 Biochemistry of Manufacture of Biofertilizer
	3.6 Benefits of Biofertilizer Over Biochemical Fertilizers
	3.7 Variances Among Organic and Biofertilizer
	3.8 Types of Biofertilizers
	3.9 Microorganisms Utilized to Make Biofertilizer
	3.10 Microorganism in Nitrogen Fixation
		3.10.1 Biofertilizers: Symbiotic N-Fixers
		3.10.2 Biofertilizers: Free Living N-Fixers
		3.10.3 Biofertilizers: Associative Symbiotic N-Fixers
	3.11 Phosphorus Solubilizing Microbes
	3.12 Conclusion and Future Prospect
	Acknowledgments
	Abbreviations
	References
4. Organic Farming by Biofertilizers
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Biofertilizers
		4.2.1 Benefits of Biofertilizers
		4.2.2 Method of Biofertilizer Application
		4.2.3 Precautions During Application of Biofertilizers
	4.3 Classification of Biofertilizers
		4.3.1 Nitrogen Fixer Bacteria
		4.3.2 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizers
		4.3.3 Mycorrhiza as Biofertilizers
		4.3.4 Azolla as Biofertilizer
		4.3.5 Vermicompost
	4.4 Organic Farming
		4.4.1 Objectives of Organic Farming
		4.4.2 Benefits of Organic Farming
		4.4.3 Benefit for Environment
		4.4.4 Methods of Organic Farming
		4.4.5 Techniques for Organic Farming
	4.5 Traditional Agriculture vs. Organic and Inorganic Farming
		4.5.1 Problems Created by Traditional Farming
	4.6 Reasons for Doing Organic Farming
		4.6.1 To Save Soil Health
		4.6.2 To Preserve Nutrients
		4.6.3 To Reduce the Cost of Agriculture
		4.6.4 To Prevent Hazardous Elements in Animal Products
		4.6.5 To Protect the Environment
		4.6.6 Natural and Good Taste
	4.7 Advantage of Organic Farming
		4.7.1 Good Nutrition
		4.7.2 Good Health
		4.7.3 Freedom From Poison
		4.7.4 Less Money
		4.7.5 Great Taste
		4.7.6 Environmental Safety
	4.8 Disadvantages of Organic Farming
		4.8.1 Lack of Information
		4.8.2 Lack of Outline
		4.8.3 Making More Money in the Beginning
	4.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
5. Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms
	5.1 Phosphorus Pollution
	5.2 Phosphate Solubilization
	5.3 Microbial Mechanisms of Phosphate Solubilization
		5.3.1 Organic Phosphate Solubilization
		5.3.2 Inorganic Phosphate Solubilization
	5.4 Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria
	5.5 Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi
		5.5.1 Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi as Plant Growth Promoters
		5.5.2 The Methods of using Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi in Agriculture
	5.6 Bacteria-Fungi Consortium for Phosphate Solubilization
	5.7 Conclusions
	References
6. Exophytical and Endophytical Interactions of Plants and Microbial Activities
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Beneficial Interactions
		6.2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
		6.2.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms
		6.2.3 Rhizobia
		6.2.4 Endophytes
	6.3 Pathogenic (Harmful) Interactions
		6.3.1 Oomycetes
		6.3.2 Fungi
		6.3.3 Bacteria
		6.3.4 Viruses
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7. Biofertilizer Formulations
	List of Abbreviations
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Evolution of Biofertilizers
		7.1.2 Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Approach
	7.2 Biofertilizer Formulations
		7.2.1 Selection of Strain
	7.3 Types of Formulations
		7.3.1 Carrier-Based/Powder Formulations
		7.3.2 Granular Formulations
		7.3.3 Liquid Formulations
		7.3.4 Cell Immobilization
		7.3.5 Fluid Bed-Dried Formulation
		7.3.6 Mycorrhizal Formulations
	7.4 Stickers
	7.5 Additives
	7.6 Packaging
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8. Scoping the Use of Transgenic Microorganisms as Potential Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Safety
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Role of Nitrogen in Plant Growth and Development
		8.2.1 Microorganisms Involved in Nitrogen Fixation
	8.3 Importance of Phosphorus
		8.3.1 Microbes Involved in Phosphate Solubilization
		8.3.2 Reducing the pH of Soil
		8.3.3 Mineralization
		8.3.4 Chelation
		8.3.5 Promotion of Plant Growth by PSMs
		8.3.6 Approach of Using PSMs as Biofertilizer and the Future Perspective
	8.4 Significance of Potassium (K)
		8.4.1 Microorganisms Involved in Potassium Hydrolyzation
		8.4.2 Effect of KSB on Plant Growth and Yield
		8.4.3 Abilities and Objections of K Solubilizing Bacteria
	8.5 Biofertilizers Used in Agriculture
		8.5.1 Mycorrhiza
		8.5.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
	8.6 Role of Biotechnology in Agricultural Sector
		8.6.1 Development of Potent Microbial Strains Through Genetic Engineering Approach to Produce Efficient Biofertilizers
		8.6.2 Genetically Altered Transgenic Azotobacter vinelandii
as an Effective Diazotrophs Biofertilizer
		8.6.3 Phytostimuators and Biofertilizers
		8.6.4 Azospirillum
		8.6.5 Generation of Genetically Modified Transgenic
Azospirillum Strains With Enhanced Levels
of Phytoharmone Secretion
		8.6.6 Development of Rhizobium Strains With Increased
Competitiveness by Genetic Modification
		8.6.7 Effect of GM Rhizobial strains on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
(AM) Fungi
		8.6.8 Release of Genetically Manipulated Rhizobium for Field
Trails
	8.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Biofertilizer Utilization in Agricultural Sector
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Application of Biofertilizer as Bioaugmentation Agent for Bioremediation of Heavily Polluted Soil
	9.3 Advantages of Biofertilizer in Comparison With Synthetic Fertilizer
	9.4 Specific Examples of a Biofertilizer for Crop Improvement in Agricultural Sector
	9.5 Management of Biotic and Abiotic Stress
	9.6 Combinatory Effect of Biofertilizer With Other Substance and Their Effect on Crops
	9.7 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge
	References
10 Azospirillum: A Salient Source for Sustainable Agriculture
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 The Genus Azospirillum
		10.1.2 Properties of Azospirillum spp.
	10.2 Azospirillum and Induction of Stimulatory Effects for Promoting Plant Growth
	10.3 Applications in Various Fields
	10.4 Current Status
	10.5 Challenges in Large-Scale Commercial Applications of Azospirillum Inoculants
	10.6 Programs Employed for Enhanced Applications of Azospirillum Inoculants
	10.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
11. Actinomycetes: Implications and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Role in Maintaining Soil Fertility
		11.2.1 Nitrogen Fixation
		11.2.2 Phosphate Solubilization
		11.2.3 Potassium Solubilization
	11.3 Role in Maintaining Soil Ecology
	11.4 Role as Biocontrol Agents
		11.4.1 Production of Antibiotics
		11.4.2 Production of Siderophores
		11.4.3 Production of Hydrogen Cyanide
		11.4.4 Production of Lytic Enzymes
	11.5 Role as Plant Stress Busters
		11.5.1 Resistance From Heavy Metal Toxicity
		11.5.2 Resistance Against Drought/Water Deficit
		11.5.3 Resistance Toward Salinity
	11.6 Conclusion
	11.7 Future Perspectives
	References
12. Influence of Growth Pattern of Cyanobacterial Species on Biofertilizer Production
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Habit and Habitat of Cyanobacteria
	12.3 Morphology and Mode of Reproduction
	12.4 Role of a Fertilizer in Plant Growth
		12.4.1 Synthetic Fertilizers
		12.4.2 Organic Fertilizers
		12.4.3 Biofertilizer
	12.5 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizer
	12.6 Production of Cyanobacteria
	12.7 Methods for In Vitro Culture of Cyanobacteria
		12.7.1 Macro- and Microelements
		12.7.2 Temperature
		12.7.3 Light and Cell Density
		12.7.4 Media
	12.8 Methods for Gene Transfer into Cyanobacteria
		12.8.1 DNA-Mediated Transformation
		12.8.2 Electroporation
		12.8.3 Conjugation
		12.8.4 Biolistic Method
	12.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	12.10 Abbreviations
	References
13. Biofertilizers Application in Agriculture: A Viable Option to Chemical Fertilizers
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Chemical Fertilizer
		13.2.1 Customized Fertilizers
		13.2.2 Fortified Fertilizer
	13.3 Biofertilizers
		13.3.1 Biocompost
		13.3.2 Trichocard
		13.3.3 Trichocard Production
		13.3.4 Azotobacter
		13.3.5 Phosphorus
		13.3.6 Vermicompost
	13.4 Conclusion
	13.5 Abbreviations
	References
14. Quality Control of Biofertilizers
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Biofertilizer Requirement and Supply
	14.3 Process of Biofertilizer Quality Control
	14.4 Requirement of Quality Control
	14.5 Standards for Biofertilizers Quality Control
	14.6 Methods for Quality Testing
		14.6.1 Microbiological Methods
		14.6.2 Serological Methods
		14.6.3 Molecular Methods
	14.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
15 Biofertilizers: Characteristic Features and Applications
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Types of Biofertilizers
	15.3 Characteristic Features and Applications of Biofertilizers
		15.3.1 Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer
		15.3.2 Actinomycetes
		15.3.3 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii
		15.3.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
		15.3.5 Bacillus thuringiensis
		15.3.6 Microalgae
	15.4 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) and Fungus (PSF)
		15.4.1 Azotobacter
		15.4.2 Azospirillum
		15.4.3 Paenibacillus
		15.4.4 Phyllosphere Associated Methylobacterium
		15.4.5 MO Plus Biofertilizer
	15.5 Effect of Biofertilizer on Various Plants (Experimental Design)
		15.5.1 Azotobacter spp. (AZT) and Azospirillum spp. (AZP)
on Eucalyptus grandis
		15.5.2 Bradyrhizobium Strains and Streptomyces griseoflavus
on Some Leguminous, Cereal, and Vegetable Crops
		15.5.3 Rhizobium and Rhizobacteria on Trifolium repens
		15.5.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Phosphate Solubilizing
Fungi on Coffee Plants
	15.6 Screening of Microbes for Biofertilizer
		15.6.1 Screening for Phosphate Solubilization
		15.6.2 Screening for Potassium Solubilizing
		15.6.3 Screening for Nitrogen-Fixing
		15.6.4 Screening for Zinc Solubilization
		15.6.5 Screening for Ammonia Production
		15.6.6 Screening for Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Production
		15.6.7 Screening for Siderophores
		15.6.8 Screening for Auxin Production
		15.6.9 Screening for Gibberellic Acid Production
		15.6.10 Screening for Production of Chitinase
	15.7 Limitations of Biofertilizers
	15.8 Success of Biofertilizer
	15.9 Debottlenecking
	15.10 Optimization of Biofertilizer
		15.10.1 Optimization of Phosphate Solubilization
	15.11 Concomitant of Biofertilizer
	15.12 New Approach
	15.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
16. Fabrication Approaches for Biofertilizers
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Biofertilizers
	16.3 Types of Biofertilizers
		16.3.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizers
		16.3.2 Phosphorus-Solubilizing Biofertilizers
		16.3.3 Phosphate-Mobilizing Biofertilizer (Mycorrhizae)
		16.3.4 Potassium Biofertilizer
		16.3.5 Growth-Promoting Biofertilizers
		16.3.6 Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)
	16.4 Preparation Approaches for Biofertilizers
		16.4.1 Inoculant Formulation
		16.4.2 Carriers for Biofertilizer Preparation
		16.4.3 Carrier Form
	16.5 Methods of Biofertilizer Formulation
		16.5.1 Solid-Based Carrier Bioformulation
		16.5.2 Liquid Inoculants Formulation
		16.5.3 Polymer-Based Formulation
		16.5.4 Fluidized Bed Dried Formulation
		16.5.5 Particles From Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS) Method
		16.5.6 Bionanoformulations
	16.6 Application Modes for Biofertilizers
		16.6.1 Seed Treatment
		16.6.2 Seedling Root Dipping
		16.6.3 Soil Application
	16.7 Factors Affecting the Preparation of Biofertilizers
	16.8 Beneficial Effects of Biofertilizers
	16.9 Challenges and Limitations of Biofertilizers
	16.10 Future Prospects
	16.11 Conclusion
	References
17. Biofertilizers From Waste
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Waste Sources
	17.3 Technologies for Waste Treatment
		17.3.1 Conventional Technologies
		17.3.2 Emerging Technologies
	17.4 Main Applications of Microalgae Biofertilizers
		17.4.1 Fertility and Soil Quality
		17.4.2 Promotion of Plant Growth, Disease, and Pest Control
	17.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
18. Biofertilizers Industry Profiles in Market
	18.1 Biofertilizers and Biofertilizer Technology
		18.1.1 Benefits of Different Biofertilizers
	18.2 Limitations in Usage of Biofertilizers
	18.3 Biofertilizer Market Segments
	18.4 Biofertilizers Market Drivers in India
	18.5 Present Scenario of Biofertilizer Market
	18.6 Key Players of Biofertilizers in Indian Market
	18.7 Problems in Promotion of Biofertilizer
	18.8 Popular Marketed Biofertilizers in Indian Market
	18.9 Recent Trends in Biofertilizer: Liquid Biofertilizer
		18.9.1 Specialties of Liquid Biofertilizer
	18.10 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
19. Case Study on Biofertilizer Utilization in African Continents
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Specific Examples of Biofertilizer for Crop Improvement, Environmental Bioremediation, and Their Advantages and Challenges in Africa
	19.3 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
	References
20. Biofertilizers: Prospects and Challenges for Future
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Definition
		20.2.1 Helper Bacteria
		20.2.2 The Point of Difference
	20.3 Advances in Biofertilizer
	20.4 Preparation of Biofertilizer
	20.5 The Carrier Materials
	20.6 Production System of Biofertilizer
	20.7 Mechanism of Growth-Promoting Activity of Biofertilizers
	20.8 Advantages and Limitations
	20.9 Future Aspects
	20.10 Conclusion
	References
21. Biofertilizers: Past, Present, and Future
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Biofertilizer: A Brief History
	21.3 Biofertilizer Classification
	21.4 Different Paradigms of Biofertilizers
		21.4.1 Impregnation of Fertilizers and Fertilizer Use Efficiency
		21.4.2 Inoculants of Mixtures of Microorganisms
		21.4.3 Different Formulations of Inoculants
		21.4.4 Inoculant Carrier
		21.4.5 Biofertilizer Carriers and Liquid Formulations
		21.4.6 Controlled Release Techniques: Encapsulation, Lyophilization, and Drying
	21.5 Biofertilizers: Current Status
	21.6 Biofertilizers: Future Paradigm
	21.7 Conclusion
	References
22. Algal Biofertilizer
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Algae and Algal Biofertilizers
		22.2.1 Algae is a Polyphyletic Functional Group
		22.2.2 Multifaceted Role of Algal Biofertilizer in Sustainable Cultivation
		22.2.3 Biostimulants From Algae
	22.3 Techniques of Application of Algal Biofertilizer
		22.3.1 Algal Extracts as Biofertilizer
		22.3.2 Addition of Algal Strains and Algal Biofertilizer to Soil
	22.4 Cultivation of Algae and Production of Algal Biofertilizer
	22.5 Conclusion
	References
Index
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