Bioethics: An Anthology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	Notes
Part I Abortion
	Introduction
	Chapter 1 Abortion and Infanticide
		I Abortion and Infanticide
		II Terminology: “Person” versus “Human Being”
		III The Basic Issue: When is a Member of the Species Homo sapiens a Person?
		IV Some Critical Comments on Alternative Proposals
		V Refutation of the Conservative Position
		VI Summary and Conclusions
		Notes
	Chapter 2 A Defense of Abortion
		Notes
	Chapter 3 The Wrong of Abortion
		Embryos and Fetuses are Complete (though Immature) Human Beings
		No-Person Arguments: The Dualist Version
		No-Person Arguments: The Evaluative Version
		The Argument that Abortion is Justified as Non-intentional Killing
		Notes
	Chapter 4 Why Abortion is Immoral
		I
		II
		III
		IV
		V
		VI
		Notes
Part II Issues in Reproduction
	Introduction
		Assisted Reproduction
		Prenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning
	Assisted Reproduction
	Chapter 5 The McCaughey Septuplets: God’s Will or Human Choice?1
		Notes
	Chapter 6 The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics Too
		Controversial Parenthood
		Protecting Children from Some Possible Parents
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7 Rights, Interests, and Possible People
		Notes
	Prenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning
	Chapter 8 Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral?
		Huntington’s Disease
		Possible Children and Potential Parents
		Notes
	Chapter 9 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
		Background
		The General Ethical Debate
		Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Sex Selection: Joining the Particular Issues
		Recommendations
	Chapter 10 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis: A Response to the Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine
		Introduction
		References
	Chapter 11 Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors
		Children as Things
		What Kind of Ethics Do We Need?
	Chapter 12 The Moral Status of Human CloningNeo-Lockean Persons versus Human Embryos
		Introduction
		1 A Crucial Concept: neo-Lockean Persons
			1.1 John Locke’s concept of a person
			1.2 The concept of a neo-Lockean person
			1.3 Distortions of the concept of a neo-Lockean person
			1.4 Neo-Lockean persons and the right to life
		2 Cloning to Produce Human Organisms that Will Never Become Persons
			2.1 Cloning for medical purposes or scientific research
			2.2 Cloning to produce a human organ bank
			2.3 Arguments Against Such Cloning
			2.3.1 Appeals to immaterial minds or souls
		3 Cloning to Produce Persons
			3.1 Is cloning that aims at producing future persons intrinsically wrong?
			3.2 Consequentialist objections to cloning to produce persons
			3.3 Arguments in favor of cloning to produce persons
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
Part III Genetic Manipulation
	Introduction
	Chapter 13 Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering
		Avoiding the Debate about Genes and the Environment
		Methods of Changing the Genetic Composition of Future Generations
		The Positive–Negative Distinction
		The View that Overall Improvement is Unlikely or Impossible
		The Family and Our Descendants
		Risks and Mistakes
		Not Playing God
		The Genetic Supermarket
		A Mixed System
		Values
		Notes
	Chapter 14 The Moral Significance of the Therapy–Enhancement Distinction in Human Genetics
		Introduction
		Somatic versus Germline Interventions
		The Concepts of Health and Disease
		The Goals of Medicine
		Our Humanness
		The Rights of the Unborn
		Eugenics
		Conclusion: The Significance of the Distinction
		Notes
	Chapter 15 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity
		Transhumanists vs. Bioconservatives
		Two Fears about the Posthuman
		Is Human Dignity Incompatible with Posthuman Dignity?
		Why We Need Posthuman Dignity
		Notes
	Chapter 16 Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene-Editing Technologies in Human Embryos
	Chapter 17 Genome Editing and Assisted Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents?
		Introduction: Genetic Diseases, Genome Editing and Existing Alternatives
			PGD and Assisted Reproduction
		CRISPR and Assisted Reproduction
		Assisted Reproduction and PGD, or Assisted Reproduction and CRISPR?
		The Case for Genome Editing: Two Sets of Arguments
		Selection versus Therapy
		Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents?
			Reproductive autonomy, child welfare and the interests of society
			Societal interests and the costs of introducing genome editing in the context of assisted reproduction
		Conclusions: Context Matters
		References
		Notes
	Chapter 18 Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad (Germline Editing) Wolf?
		References
	Chapter 19 An Ethical Pathway for Gene Editing
		Notes
Part IV Life and Death Issues
	Introduction
		Killing and Letting Die
		Newborns
		Brain Death
		Advance Directives
		Voluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide
		Notes
	Chapter 20 The Sanctity of Life
		1 Direct Objections and Side-Effects
		2 Stating the Principle of the Sanctity of Life
		3 The Boundary between Life and Death
		4 ‘Being Alive Is Intrinsically Valuable’
		5 ‘Being Conscious Is Intrinsically Valuable’
		6 ‘Being Human Is Intrinsically Valuable’
		7 The Concept of a ‘Life Worth Living’
		8 Is the Desire to Live the Criterion of a Worthwhile Life?
		9 Length of Life
		10 The ‘No Trade-Off’ View
		11 The Social Effects of Abandoning the Sanctity of Life
		References
	Chapter 21 Declaration on Euthanasia: Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
		I The Value of Human Life
		II Euthanasia
		III The Meaning of Suffering for Christians and the Use of Painkillers
		IV Due Proportion in the Use of Remedies
		Conclusion
		Notes
	Chapter 22 Active and Passive Euthanasia
		Reference
	Killing and Letting Die
	Chapter 23 The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View
		The Morality of Killing
	Chapter 24 Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die?
		2
		3
		4
		Notes
	Chapter 25 Why Killing is Not Always Worse – and Sometimes Better – Than Letting Die
		I
		II
		III
		Notes
	Chapter 26 Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics
		The Concept of Moral Fictions
		Exposing the Moral Fictions
			Suicide
			Causation
			Intention
			Moral responsibility
			Differential moral assessment
		The Moral Work of Moral Fictions
		Abandoning the Moral Fictions
		Notes
	Newborns
	Chapter 27 Can a Physician Ever Justifiably Euthanize a Severely Disabled Newborn?
		The Case of the Ill-fated Newborn
		References
	Chapter 28 No to Infant Euthanasia
		References
	Chapter 29 Physicians Can Justifiably Euthanize Certain Severely Impaired Neonates
		Discussion
			Infants lack decision-making capacity
			Sanctity of life versus quality of life
			Quality-of-life ethic and infanticide
			Quality-of-life ethic and terminal sedation
			Parental and health care professionals’ interests matter
			Resource allocation justice
			Slippery slope concerns
			Unfair discrimination against the disabled?
			Human dignity
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 30 You Should Not Have Let Your Baby Die
	Chapter 31 After-Birth AbortionWhy Should the Baby Live?
		Introduction
		Abortion and After-Birth Abortion
		The Newborn and the Fetus are Morally Equivalent
		The Fetus and the Newborn are Potential Persons
		Adoption as an Alternative to After-Birth Abortion?
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 32 Does a Human Being Gain the Right to Live after He or She is Born?
		References
	Chapter 33 Hard LessonsLearning from the Charlie Gard Case
		Parents’ Role In Decision-Making for Children: We Need to Clarify Harm
		Decisions for Adults Versus Decisions for Children: Allow Adults to Choose Treatment for Themselves even if Suboptimal
		Experimental Treatment: We Should Have A Lower Threshold For Allowing Access Where Patients Have No Other Options, And Allow Earlier Innovative Treatment
		The Role of Resources: We Need to Talk about Limited Resources
		The Role of the Courts: We Need a Fair, Expedient Way of Resolving Disputes
		Ethical Decisions versus Clinical Decisions: Allow and Support Reasonable Disagreement
		Medical Tourism: Allow Families to Travel Unless Illegal or Risks Significant Harm
		Challenging Normative and Conceptual Issues: Need for Further Ethical Analysis
		Reflective Equilibrium, Reasons and Evidence: Need for Humility and Transparency
		References
	Brain Death
	Chapter 34 A Definition of Irreversible Coma
		Characteristics of Irreversible Coma
		Other Procedures
			Legal commentary
		Comment
		Summary
		Reference
	Chapter 35 The Challenge of Brain Death for the Sanctity of Life Ethic
		I Introduction
		II The Origins of the New Definition of Death
		III Death as the Irreversible Loss of Integrated Organic Functioning
		IV What do the Standard Tests for Brain Death Show?
		V President George W. Bush’s Council on Bioethics Enters the Debate
		VI The significance of irreversible unconsciousness
		VII The Centrality of Ethics
		VIII Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 36 The Philosophical Debate
		I Position One: There Is No Sound Biological Justification for Today’s Neurological Standard
		II Position Two: There Is a Sound Biological Justification for Today’s Neurological Standard
			A The Work of the Organism as a Whole
			B Comparison with the UK Standard
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 37 An Alternative to Brain Death
		Some Common but Mistaken Assumptions about Death
		An Alternative Understanding of Death
		Reference
	Advance Directives
	Chapter 38 Life Past Reason
		Autonomy
		Notes
	Chapter 39 Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy
		Advance Directives and Precedent Autonomy
		Critical and Experiential Interests: Problems with the Model
		The State’s Interest in Margo’s Life
		Notes
	Chapter 40 The Note
		Statement
	Voluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide
	Chapter 41 When Self-Determination Runs Amok
		Self-Determination
		Killing and Allowing to Die
		Calculating the Consequences
		Euthanasia and Medical Practice
	Chapter 42 When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok
		Notes
	Chapter 43 Physician-Assisted Death and Severe, Treatment-Resistant Depression
		Terminology
		Terminal Illness
		Defining and Identifying Treatment-Resistant Depression
		Can Patients with Severe Major Depressive Disorder Be Competent to Request Assisted Dying?
		Role Responsibility
		Slippery-Slope Concerns
		Public Policy Considerations
		Notes
	Chapter 44 Are Concerns about Irremediableness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient to Justify Excluding All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying?
		Introduction
		Irremediableness
			What are treatment outcomes like for patients with treatment resistant depression?
			Discerning between irremediable and remediable cases
			Irremediableness cannot be understood as certainty that no treatment will succeed
			Defending irremediableness that admits of false positives
			Does the availability of MAID for non-terminal patients negatively impact care?
		Vulnerability
			Why are psychiatric patients especially vulnerable?
			Is vulnerability a useful concept?
			Does vulnerability shift the burden of proof?
		Assessing Competence
			Can physicians effectively perform capacity assessments?
			Arbitrarily high capacity test score cut-offs as an alternative to a ban
		The Netherlands
			Opposition to the Dutch system
			Physician disagreement
			Specific concerns about capacity assessment in the Netherlands
			Trust in physicians
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
Part V Resource Allocation
	Introduction
	Chapter 45 In a Pandemic, Should We Save Younger Lives?:
		YES – Peter Singer
		NO – Lucy Winkett
		YES
		NO
		YES
		NO
	Chapter 46 The Value of Life
		I The Moral Significance of Age
			The anti-ageist argument
			The fair innings argument
			Numbers of lives and numbers of years
			Extra life-time versus extra lives
			The fallacy of life-time views
			Worthwhile life-time
			Fair innings or no ageism?
		Notes
	Chapter 47 Bubbles under the Wallpaper:  Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination
		Bubbles under the Wallpaper
			Example
		A Rights-Based Approach?
		Randomness to the Rescue?
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 48 Rescuing Lives: Can’t We Count?
		Notes
	Chapter 49 Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation?
		Should Patients with ARESLD Receive Transplants?
			Nonrenewable resource
			Comparison with cardiac transplantation
			Expensive technology
			General guideline proposed
		Objections to Proposal
			Alcoholism: How is it similar to and different from other diseases?
			Are we discriminating against alcoholics?
		Reasons Patients with ARESLD Should Have a Lower Priority on Transplant Waiting Lists
			Fairness
			Policy considerations regarding public support for liver transplantation
		Should Any Alcoholics Be Considered for Transplantation? Need for Further Research
		Comment
		References
Part VI Obtaining Organs
	Introduction
	Chapter 50 Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway?
		Note
	Chapter 51 The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales
		References
	Chapter 52 Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Kidneys
		Brief Background: The Status Quo Systems of Kidney Procurement
		Anti-Market Considerations
			Does a Market Ban Necessarily Decrease the Supply of Available Organs?
			Vulnerability
			Weak Agency
			Equal Status Considerations
		The Integrity of the Body
		Policy
		Notes
	Chapter 53 The Survival Lottery
		Note
Part VII Ethical Issues in Research
	Experimentation with Humans
	Chapter 54 Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research
		A Boundaries between Practice and Research
		B Basic Ethical Principles
			1 Respect for persons
			2 Beneficence
			3 Justice
		C Applications
			1 Informed consent
			2 Assessment of risks and benefits
			3 Selection of subjects
		Notes
	Chapter 55 Scientific Research is a Moral Duty
		Do No Harm
		Fairness
		The Moral Imperative for Research
		Do Universal Moral Principles Deny This Claim?
		Is There an Enforceable Obligation to Participate in Research?
		Mandatory Contribution to Public Goods
		Benefit Sharing
		A New Principle of Research Ethics
		On Whom Does the Obligation to Participate in Research Fall?
		Me and My Kind
		Children and the Incompetent
		Inducements to Participate in Research
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 56 Participation in Biomedical Research is an Imperfect Moral Duty: A Response to John Harris
		The Principle of Beneficence
		The Principle of Fairness
		Conclusions
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 57 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries
		Asking the Wrong Research Question
		Inadequate Analysis of Data from ACTG 076 and Other Sources
		Defining Placebo as the Standard of Care in Developing Countries
		Justifying Placebo-Controlled Trials by Claiming They Are More Rapid
		Toward a Single International Standard of Ethical Research
		References
	Chapter 58 We’re Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them
	Chapter 59 Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research1
		The Principle of Risk Parity
			Applying the Principle of Risk Parity to COVID-19 Research – Three Examples
		Notes
		References
	Experimentation with Animals
	Chapter 60 Duties towards Animals
	Chapter 61 A Utilitarian View
		Note
	Chapter 62 The Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong
		Methods
		Some Distracting Issues not Discussed in Detail
			Activists’ behavior
			“Rights”
			“Equality,” “importance,” “status” and “standing”
		Some Objections: “Animal Experimentation is Morally Permissible Because . . .”
			“Scientific” arguments
			“Necessary condition” arguments
			“Group-based” arguments
			“Benefits” arguments
			“Necessity” arguments
			“No alternatives” arguments
			“Necessary condition” arguments
			Group-based arguments
		A Positive, Cumulative Case in Defense of Animals
		References
	Chapter 63 The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research
		Arguments Against the Use of Animals in Scientific Research
			Claim: Humans do not benefit from animal research
			Claim: Animal research has a very low success rate
			Claim: Researchers must prove animals are necessary for their work
			Claim: Animal models are not predictive of human responses
			Claim: Basic research is knowledge for knowledge’s sake
			Claim: Alternatives to animal research already exist
		Ethics of Animal Research
		The Moral Status of Animals
		Rejecting the Extremes of the Spectrum
		Equal Consideration of Equal Interests
		Human Ability to Challenge Nature and Suffering is Unique
		Utilitarian Considerations
		What About Marginal Cases?
		Human Relationships Are Unique: The Human Family
		Assuming Responsibility and Stewardship
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 64 Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non-Human Primates
		Introduction
		Trends in Disease Modelling Post-CRISPR
		Methodological Starting Point
			Animal welfare
			Available alternatives
			Expectation of benefit
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Academic Freedom and Research
	Chapter 65 On Liberty
		Chapter II: Of   The Liberty of Thought and Discussion
	Chapter 66 Should Some Knowledge Be Forbidden?: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research
		1 Introduction
		2 A Case Study: The Right to Equality versus the Right to Freedom of Research
		3 Past Precedents
		4 The Third Precedent
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 67 Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True
		1 An Intelligible Hypothesis
		2 Not Believing What You Think May Be True
		3 Not Discussing What Some Think To Be True
		4 Not Using Science to Investigate the Truth
		5 From Advice to Sanctions
		6 The Dead Hand of Ignorance
		7 The Appeal to Paradigms of Irrationality
		8 Compromises
		9 The Bright Light of Knowledge
		10 Armageddon
		11 Some History and Rhetoric
Part VIII Public Health Issues
	Introduction
		Reference
	Chapter 68 Ethics and Infectious Disease
		I Distribution of Research Resources
		II The Ethical Importance of Infectious Disease
			1 Consequences
			2 Difficult ethical questions
			3 Justice
		III Why the Neglect?
			1 High tech medicine
			2 Optimism in medicine
			3 ‘The other’
			4 Complexity
			5 Apparent ease
			6 Religious hijacking
		Conclusion
		Notes
	Chapter 69 XDR-TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency
		The Threat to Regional and Global Health
		The True Extent of the Problem
		Factors Fuelling the Outbreak
		Factors That Could Undermine Efforts to Tackle the Outbreak
		Is There a Role for Involuntary Detention?
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 70 Clinical Ethics During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest
		Introduction
		Clinical Ethics Challenges Arising in the Care of Covid-19 Patients
			Treatment of Covid-19 patients as a means to an end
			Working with uncertain evidence and unproven therapies
			Duty to care versus right to protection
			Rationing of scarce resources in pandemic situations
			Dignity in death
		Clinical Ethics Considerations in the Care of “Non-Covid-19” Patients
		Moral Distress of Healthcare Providers
		References
	Chapter 71 The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism, and Collective Easy Rescue
		Introduction
		From Collective to Individual Responsibility
		The Utilitarian Approach: Group Beneficence and Imperceptible Contributions
		The Deontological Approach
			Vaccination and the generalization test
			Vaccination and contractualism
		Duty of Easy Rescue and Fairness: A Further Argument for an Individual Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated
			Easy rescue, collective obligations, and the individual duty to be vaccinated
			High cost vaccinations
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 72 Taking Responsibility for Responsibility
		Responsibility for Health
		The Social Determinants of Health
		Taking Responsibility for Responsibility
		Notes
		References
Part IX Ethical Issues in the Practice of Healthcare
	Introduction
		When do Doctors have a Duty to Treat?
		Confidentiality
		Truth-Telling
		Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy
		Notes
	When do Doctors have a Duty to Treat?
	Chapter 73 What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
		Introduction
		What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us
		Neoliberalism and the Fetishisation of ‘Efficiency’
		Implications for Healthcare Professionals’ Obligations
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 74 Conscientious Objection in Health Care
		Introduction
		What is Conscientious Objection?
		Assessing Approaches to Conscientious Objection in Health Care
			Conscience absolutism
			Incompatibilism
			Reasonable accommodation
		Conscientious Objection vs. Obstruction
		Conclusion
		Notes
	Chapter 75 Conscientious Objection in Medicine:  Accommodation versus Professionalism and the Public Good
		Introduction
		Conscience – What Is It, and Does It Matter?
		Conscience Claims – Should They be Reasonable and Genuine?
		Conscience and Professionalism
		Voluntariness and Monopoly
		Equality of Opportunity
		Diversity
		Equal Citizenship
		Peaceful Co-existence
		Conclusion
		References
	Confidentiality
	Chapter 76 Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept
		Two Aspects of Medical Confidentiality
			Confidentiality and third-party interests
			Confidentiality and the patient’s interest
		The Role of Confidentiality in Medicine
		Possible Solutions to the Confidentiality Problem
		Afterthought: Confidentiality and Indiscretion
		Conclusion
	Chapter 77 A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality
		The Case of the Infected Spouse
		Clearing the Ground: What Professional Obligations Are Not
			Law
			Personal morality
			Personal values
		The Concept of a Professional Obligation
		The Duty to Diminish Risks to Third Parties
		A Defense of Unqualified Confidentiality
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Truth-Telling
	Chapter 78 On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives
	Chapter 79 Should Doctors Tell the Truth?
	Chapter 80 On Telling Patients the Truth
		Notes
	Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy
	Chapter 81 On Liberty
	Chapter 82 From Schloendorff v. NewYork Hospital
	Chapter 83 Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges
		The Historical Foundations of Informed Consent
		The Concept of Informed Consent
		Current Challenges to Informed Consent
			The limits of the law in biomedical ethics
			The quality of consent
			Problems of broad consent
			The regulation of consent and the research–treatment distinction
		Conclusion
		Notes
	Chapter 84 The Doctor–Patient Relationship in Different Cultures
		“Physicians Treat Patients Badly”
		Similarities and Differences
		Conceptions of Autonomy: East and West
		Truth-Telling
		Notes
	Chapter 85 Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well But Cause Harm
		1 Introduction
		2 Gender Dysphoria and Treatment for Transgender Youth
			2.1 Gender dysphoria and its consequences
			2.2 Do children own their bodies?
			2.3 Persisting and desisting
			2.4 PBT is the best route, regardless
		3 Psychological Harm and Epistemic Barriers
		4 The Physical Risks
		5 Justifying Intervention
			5.1 A child’s right to their body
			5.2 Putting rights into practice
		6 Spreading the Word and the Role of Schools
		7 Objections and How to Answer Them
			7.1 Parental rights to raise their children
			7.2 Funding issues
			7.3 Why not take it further?
		8 Review and Concluding Remarks
		Notes
		References
	Chapter 86 Amputees by Choice
		Editors’ Note
		Notes
	Chapter 87 Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment
		The President’s Commission Report
		Part I. What is Autonomy?
			An argument for rational desiring
			Two objections to vivid imagination
			Two senses of rational desiring
			Autonomy as a dispositional concept
			Ulysses and the Sirens: an example of obstructive desire
			One objection
			Part II. “No Man Ever Threw Away Life, While It Was Worth Keeping”
			Adaptation to disability
			Hurdles to evaluation: loss aversion and contrast
		Part III. Limitations of Treatment of Incompetent Patients
			When is limitation of treatment in a patient’s best interests?
		Limitation of Treatment of Competent Patients
		Two Objections
			1. Respect only articulated desires?
			2. Autonomy and false beliefs
		Conclusion
		Notes
Part X Disability
	Introduction
	Chapter 88 Valuing Disability, Causing Disability
		I The Bad-Difference/Mere-Difference Distinction
		II A Problem for the Mere-Difference View?
		III Causing a Nondisabled Person to Become Disabled
		IV Causing a Nondisabled Person to Become Disabled Without Transition Costs
		V Causing a Disabled Person to Exist Instead of a Nondisabled Person
		VI Causing and “Curing”
		VII Conclusion
		Notes
	Chapter 89 Is Disability Mere Difference?
		Introduction
		Disability and Quality of Life
		Disability and Society
		The Indirect Strategy
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 90 Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion: A Challenge to Practice and Policy
		Contrasting Medical and Social Paradigms of Disability
			Prenatal diagnosis for disability prevention
			Rationales for prenatal testing
		Implications for People with Disabilities
		Implications for Family Life
		Implications for Professional Practice
		References
	Chapter 91 Down Syndrome Screening Isn’t about Public HealthIt’s about Eliminating a Group of People
	Chapter 92 I Would’ve Aborted a Fetus with Down Syndrome: Women Need that Right
Part XI Neuroethics
	Introduction
	Chapter 93 Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind
		The Ethics of Neuroscience
		Memory Modification and Enhancement
		Note
		References
	Chapter 94 Engineering Love
	Chapter 95 Unrequited Love Hurts: Should Doctors Treat Broken Hearts?
		Unrequited Love Hurts
		Two Arguments Against the Medicalization of Unrequited Love
			The peculiarity-of-heartbreak objection
			The arts objection
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		Notes
	Chapter 96 Stimulating Brains, Altering Minds
		Empirical Evidence: Benefits and Risks
		A Case Study
		Autonomy and Identity
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 97 Authenticity or Autonomy? When Deep Brain Stimulation Causes a Dilemma
		Introduction: Feelings of Authenticity and Alienation under Deep Brain Stimulation
		A Patient’s Dilemma: Choosing between Mental Competence and Well-Being
		Authenticity or Autonomy? A Philosophical Reinterpretation
		Is ‘Authenticity’ the New ‘Autonomy’ in Neuroethics?
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 98 On the Necessity of Ethical Guidelines for Novel Neurotechnologies
		Novel Neurotechnologies and Their Future Use
		Ethical and Societal Issues Raised by Novel Neurotechnologies
		Developing Ethical Principles for Neurotechnologies
		The Importance of Novel Neurotechnology for the Progress of Humankind
		References
Index
EULA