Biodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and Environment (Handbook of Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels)

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editor
Contributors
Part I: Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels:
Science, Technology, Health,
and the Environment
	Chapter 1: Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels: Science, Technology, Health, and the Environment
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Materials and Methodology
		1.3 Contents of the Handbook
			1.3.1 Volume 1: Biodiesel Fuels in General
				1.3.1.1 Part I: Introduction to Petrodiesel and Biodiesel Fuels
				1.3.1.2 Part II: Biooils
				1.3.1.3 Part III: Biodiesel Fuels in General
				1.3.1.4 Part IV: Glycerol
			1.3.2 Volume 2: Feedstock-based Biodiesel Fuels
				1.3.2.1 Part V: Edible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				1.3.2.2 Part VI: Nonedible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				1.3.2.3 Part VII: Waste Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				1.3.2.4 Part VIII: Algal Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
			1.3.3 Volume 3: Petrodiesel Fuels
				1.3.3.1 Part IX: Crude Oils
				1.3.3.2 Part X: Petrodiesel Fuels in General
				1.3.3.3 Part XI: Petrodiesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
				1.3.3.4 Part XII: Health Impact of Petrodiesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
		1.4 Discussion
		1.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 2: A Scientometric Review of the Research: Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Materials and Methodology
		2.3 Results
			2.3.1 Indices and Documents
			2.3.2 Authors
			2.3.3 Publication Years
			2.3.4 Institutions
			2.3.5 Funding Bodies
			2.3.6 Source Titles
			2.3.7 Countries
			2.3.8 ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories
			2.3.9 Citation Impact
			2.3.10 Keywords
			2.3.11 Research Fronts
		2.4 Discussion
		2.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 3: A Review of the Research: Biodiesel and Petrodiesel Fuels
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Materials and Methodology
		3.3 Results
			3.3.1 Biodiesel Fuels in General
				3.3.1.1 Biooils
				3.3.1.2 Biodiesel Fuels in General
				3.3.1.3 Glycerol
			3.3.2 Feedstock-based Biodiesel Fuels
				3.3.2.1 Edible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				3.3.2.2 Nonedible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				3.3.2.3 Waste-Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				3.3.2.4 Algal-Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
			3.3.3 Petrodiesel Fuels
				3.3.3.1 Crude Oils
				3.3.3.2 Petrodiesel Fuels in General
				3.3.3.3 Petrodiesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
				3.3.3.4 Health Impact of the Petrodiesel Exhaust Emissions
		3.4 Discussion
		3.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 4: Nanotechnology Applications in Diesel Fuels and Related Research Fields: A Review of the Research
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Materials and Methodology
		4.3 Results
			4.3.1 Biooils
			4.3.2 Biodiesel Fuels
				4.3.2.1 Production
				4.3.2.2 Properties
				4.3.2.3 Glycerol
				4.3.2.4 Edible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				4.3.2.5 Nonedible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				4.3.2.6 Waste Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
			4.3.3 Crude Oils
				4.3.3.1 Water-in Oil Emulsions
				4.3.3.2 Oil Recovery
				4.3.3.3 Remediation of Crude Oils
			4.3.4 Petrodiesel Fuels
				4.3.4.1 Production
				4.3.4.2 Properties
		4.4 Discussion
			4.4.1 Biooils
			4.4.2 Biodiesel Fuels
				4.4.2.1 Production
				4.4.2.2 Properties
				4.4.2.3 Glycerol
				4.4.2.4 Edible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				4.4.2.5 Nonedible Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
				4.4.2.6 Waste Oil-based Biodiesel Fuels
			4.4.3 Crude Oils
				4.4.3.1 Water-in-Oil Emulsions
				4.4.3.2 Oil Recovery
				4.4.3.3 Remediation of Crude Oils
			4.4.4 Petrodiesel Fuels
				4.4.4.1 Production
				4.4.4.2 Properties
		4.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part II: Biooils
	Chapter 5: Biooils: A Scientometric Review of the Research
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Materials and Methodology
		5.3 Results
			5.3.1 Indices and Documents
			5.3.2 Authors
			5.3.3 Publication Years
			5.3.4 Institutions
			5.3.5 Funding Bodies
			5.3.6 Source Titles
			5.3.7 Countries
			5.3.8 ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories
			5.3.9 Citation Impact
			5.3.10 Keywords
			5.3.11 Research Fronts
		5.4 Discussion
		5.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		5.A Appendix
		References
	Chapter 6: Characterization and Properties of Biooils: A Review of the Research
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Materials and Methodology
		6.3 Results
			6.3.1 Properties of Biooils
			6.3.2 Characterization of Biooils
		6.4 Discussion
			6.4.1 Properties of Biooils
			6.4.2 Characterization of Biooils
		6.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 7: Biomass Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Oils: A Review of the Research
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Materials and Methodology
		7.3 Results
			7.3.1 Pyrolysis
				7.3.1.1 Kinetic Studies
			7.3.1.1 Pyrolysis Oils
			7.3.2 Pyrolysis Oil Upgrading
		7.4 Discussion
			7.4.1 Pyrolysis
			7.4.1.1 Kinetic Studies
				7.4.1.2 Pyrolysis Oils
				7.4.2 Pyrolysis Oil Upgrading
		7.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 8: An Overview of Catalytic Bio-oil Upgrading, Part 1:: Processing Aqueous-Phase Compounds
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Objectives and Challenges in the Bio-oil Upgrading Process
		8.3 The Processing of Aqueous-Phase Compounds
			8.3.1 Reforming to Produce Hydrogen
			8.3.2 C–C Coupling of Small Oxygenates
			8.3.3 Other Processes
		8.4 Outlook
		References
	Chapter 9: An Overview of Catalytic Bio-oil Upgrading, Part 2:: Processing Oil-Phase Compounds and Real Bio-oil
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 The Processing of Oil-Phase Compounds
			9.2.1 Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Aromatic Oxygenates
			9.2.2 Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Carbohydrate-Derived Furanic Oxygenates
		9.3 The Processing of Real Bio-oils
			9.3.1 Hydrotreating
			9.3.2 Zeolite Cracking
			9.3.3 Other Processes
		9.4 Outlook
		References
	Chapter 10: Bio-oil Production through Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Biomass: Recent Developments and Future Prospects
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Comparison of HTL and Other Technologies for Biofuel Production
			10.2.1 Biofuels from Various Biomasses
			10.2.2 Merits of HTL for Biomass Conversion
		10.3 HTL of Biomass
			10.3.1 Major Components of Biomass and Their Decomposition Routes in the HTL Process
				10.3.1.1 Cellulose
				10.3.1.2 Hemicellulose
				10.3.1.3 Lignin
				10.3.1.4 Protein
				10.3.1.5 Lipids
				10.3.1.6 Carbohydrates
			10.3.2 Effect of HTL Parameters
				10.3.2.1 Biomass Feedstock Composition
				10.3.2.2 Reaction Temperature
				10.3.2.3 Reaction Time
				10.3.2.4 Reaction Solvents
				10.3.2.5 Reaction Pressure
		10.4 Catalytic Upgrading of Biocrude Oil
			10.4.1 Catalytic Hydrogenation
				10.4.1.1 Direct Hydrogen Donor
				10.4.1.2 Indirect Hydrogen Supply ( in situ Hydrogen Supply)
				10.4.1.3 Catalytic Cracking
			10.4.2 Catalytic Esterification
		10.5 Conclusions and Prospects
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part III: Biodiesel Fuels in General
	Chapter 11: Biodiesel Fuels: A Scientometric Review of the Research
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Materials and Methodology
		11.3 Results
			11.3.1 Indices and Documents
			11.3.2 Authors
			11.3.3 Publication Years
			11.3.4 Institutions
			11.3.5 Funding Bodies
			11.3.6 Source Titles
			11.3.7 Countries
			11.3.8 ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories
			11.3.9 Citation Impact
			11.3.10 Keywords
			11.3.11 Research Fronts
		11.4 Discussion
		11.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		11.A Appendix
		References
	Chapter 12: Biomass-based Catalyst-Assisted Biodiesel Production
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Synthesis of a Biomass-Based Catalyst
			12.2.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization
			12.2.2 Template-Directed Carbonization
			12.2.3 High Temperature Carbonization
				12.4.1 Mud or Rocks
				12.4.2 Animal Bones
				12.4.3 Seashells
				12.4.4 Eggshells
				12.4.5 Plant-based Biomass
		12.3 Activation of a Biomass-Based Catalyst
		12.4 Calcium Rich Biomass
		12.5 Challenges of Biodiesel Production via Biomass-based Catalysts
		12.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Enzymatic Biodiesel Production: Challenges and Future Perspectives
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Technological Challenges for Enzymatic Biodiesel Production
		13.3 Biocatalysts
			13.3.1 Recent Advances in Lipase Immobilization
			13.3.2 Whole-Cell Biocatalysts
			13.3.3 Dry Fermented Solids
		13.4 Enzymatic Biodiesel Production Routes
			13.4.1 Transesterification/Esterification
			13.4.2 Hydroesterification
		13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 14: Biodiesel Additives: Status and Perspectives
		14.1 Additives, Types, and their Selection
			14.1.1 Categorization of Additives based on Functionality
			14.1.2 Categorization of Additives based on Chemical Compounds
			14.1.3 Categorization of Additives based on Size
			14.1.4 Categorization of Additives based on State of Matter
		14.2 Effect of Various Additives on Biodiesel Properties
			14.2.1 Effect of Additives on Fuel Properties
			14.2.2 Effect of Additives on Cold Flow Properties
				14.2.2.1 Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP)
				14.2.2.2 Pour Point
				14.2.2.3 Cloud Point
		14.3 Effect of various Additives on Engine Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics
			14.3.1 Effect of Additives on Combustion Characteristics
			14.3.2 Effect of Additives on Engine Performance Characteristics
			14.3.3 Effect of Additives on Exhaust Emission Characteristics
		14.4 Recent Trends and Advancements in the Field of Additives
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Qualitative Characterization of Biodiesel Fuels: Basics and Beyond
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Characteristics and Properties of Biodiesel
			15.2.1 Combustion Properties
				15.2.1.1 Cetane Number
				15.2.1.2 Flash Point
			15.2.2 Physical Properties
				15.2.2.1 Specific Gravity
				15.2.2.2 Heat of Combustion
				15.2.2.3 Distillation Curve
			15.2.3 Flow Properties
				15.2.3.1 Low Temperature Flow Properties
				15.2.3.2 Viscosity and Surface Tension
			15.2.4 Storage and Stability
				15.2.4.1 Oxidative Stability
				15.2.4.2 Iodine Number
			15.2.5 Chemical Properties
		15.3 Factors Affecting Biodiesel Properties
			15.3.1 Alcohol
			15.3.2 Fatty Acid Composition
			15.3.3 Contaminants
		15.4 Effects of Biodiesel Properties on the Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engines
		15.5 Conclusion and Summary
		References
	Chapter 16: Use of Biodiesel Fuels in Diesel Engines
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Biodiesel Properties
			16.2.1 Viscosity
			16.2.2 Density
			16.2.3 Flash Point
			16.2.4 Boiling Point
			16.2.5 Cloud Point, Pour Point, and Cold Filter Plugging Point
			16.2.6 Cetane Number
			16.2.7 Calorific Value
			16.2.8 Stability of Oxidation
			16.2.9 Acid Number
			16.2.10 Iodine Number
			16.2.11 Carbon Residue
			16.2.12 Sulfate Ash Content
			16.2.13 Water and Sediment Content
			16.2.14 Copper Strip Corrosion
		16.3 Performance and Emission Characteristics
			16.3.1 Engine Performance
				16.3.1.1 Brake Power
				16.3.1.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
				16.3.1.3 Brake Thermal Efficiency
				16.3.1.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature
			16.3.2 Combustion and Emission Characteristics
				16.3.2.1 Combustion Characteristics
				16.3.2.2 Emission Characteristics
		16.4 Engine Durability and Corrosiveness Characteristics
			16.4.1 Engine Durability
			16.4.2 Corrosiveness Characteristics and Inhibitors
		16.5 Deposits
			16.5.1 Deposit Formation Mechanism
			16.5.2 Deposits from the Use of Biodiesel
		16.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Biodiesel Promotion Policies: A Global Perspective
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Consumption of Oil
		17.3 Carbon Emissions
		17.4 Energy Intensity
		17.5 Policy Paralysis in the Biofuel Sector
		17.6 Observations from Global Biodiesel Production Projects
			17.6.1 Standards for Biodiesel Blends
			17.6.2 Economic Sustainability of Feedstock
			17.6.3 Wastelands
			17.6.4 Policy Interventions
			17.6.5 Energy Demand in the Marine and Aviation Sector
			17.6.6 Energy Demand for Commercial Vehicles
		17.7 Observations and Recommendations from a Status Report on the Implementation of Existing Biodiesel Promotion Policies
			17.7.1 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Initiatives
			17.7.2 Biodiesel Blending Percentage
			17.7.3 Usage of Higher Percentage Biodiesel Blends
			17.7.4 Production Capacity
			17.7.5 Sustainable Development of Biodiesel Production
			17.7.6 Scaling up Advanced Biofuels Is Essential
			17.7.7 Policy Support to Commercialize Advanced Biofuels
		References
Part IV: Glycerol
	Chapter 18: Glycerol: A Scientometric Review of the Research
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Materials and Methodology
		18.3 Results
			18.3.1 Indices and Documents
			18.3.2 Authors
			18.3.3 Publication Years
			18.3.4 Institutions
			18.3.5 Funding Bodies
			18.3.6 Source Titles
			18.3.7 Countries
			18.3.8 ‘Web of Science’ Subject Categories
			18.3.9 Citation Impact
			18.3.10 Keywords
			18.3.11 Research Fronts
		18.4 Discussion
		18.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		18.A Appendix
		References
	Chapter 19: Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Biodiesel-derived Glycerol: An Overview of the Modeling and Optimization Strategies
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Technological Routes for Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Glycerol
		19.3 Modeling and Optimization Strategies to Improve Glycerol Conversion
			19.3.1 Modeling Strategies for Glycerol Conversion Processes
			19.3.2 Optimization Strategies for Glycerol Conversion Processes
		19.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Propanediol Production from Glycerol: A Review of the Research
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Materials and Methodology
		20.3 Results
			20.3.1 Catalytic Propanediol Production
			20.3.2 Microbial Propanediol Production
		20.4 Discussion
			20.4.1 Catalytic Propanediol Production
			20.4.2 Microbial Propanediol Production
		20.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
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	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
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