Biodeterioration of Wooden Cultural Heritage: Organisms and Decay Mechanisms in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Wood Anatomy, Chemistry and Physical Properties
	1.1 Elements of Botany
	1.2 Xylem Development
	1.3 Xylem Cell Types
	1.4 Softwoods and Hardwoods Ultrastructure
	1.5 Macroscopic Characteristics
	1.6 Wood Chemistry
		1.6.1 Cellulose
		1.6.2 Hemicelluloses
			1.6.2.1 Xylans
			1.6.2.2 Mannans
			1.6.2.3 Xyloglucans
			1.6.2.4 Galactans
			1.6.2.5 Softwoods and Hardwoods Hemicelluloses´ Composition
		1.6.3 Pectins
		1.6.4 Other Glucans
		1.6.5 Lignin
		1.6.6 The Cell Wall Chemistry
		1.6.7 Non-structural Components of Wood
	1.7 Physical Properties of Wood
		1.7.1 Hygroscopicity
		1.7.2 Shrinkage and Swelling
		1.7.3 Density
	1.8 Mechanical Properties of Wood
	References
Chapter 2: Ecology and the Biodeterioration Environment
	2.1 Basic Concepts of Ecology
	2.2 Classification of Natural Ecosystems
	2.3 Terrestrial Ecosystems
		2.3.1 Forests
			2.3.1.1 Boreal Forests
			2.3.1.2 Temperate Forests
			2.3.1.3 Tropical Forests
		2.3.2 Grasslands
		2.3.3 Deserts
		2.3.4 Tundras
	2.4 Aquatic Ecosystems
		2.4.1 Seas and Oceans
			2.4.1.1 The Pelagic Environment
			2.4.1.2 The Benthic Environment
				Grain Size and Sorting
				Oxidation-Reduction Potential (Eh)
		2.4.2 Freshwater Ecosystems
			2.4.2.1 Lakes
			2.4.2.2 River and Stream Ecosystems
			2.4.2.3 Wetlands
				Hydrology
				Soil
				Vegetation
	References
Chapter 3: Biology of Wood Deteriogens
	3.1 Wood Deteriogens
	3.2 Prokaryotes
		3.2.1 Bacteria
		3.2.2 Archaea
	3.3 Prokaryotes Involved in Wood Deterioration
	3.4 Fungi
		3.4.1 Chytridiomycota
		3.4.2 Blastocladiomycota
		3.4.3 Neocallimastigomycota
		3.4.4 Glomeromycota
		3.4.5 Cryptomycota
		3.4.6 Microsporidia
	3.5 Fungi Involved in Wood Deterioration
		3.5.1 Ascomycota
		3.5.2 Basidiomycota
		3.5.3 Zygomycetes
	3.6 Marine Borers
		3.6.1 Molluscs
		3.6.2 Crustaceans
	3.7 Marine Borers Involved in Wood Deterioration
		3.7.1 Bivalvia
		3.7.2 Malacostraca
	3.8 Insects
	3.9 Insects Involved in Wood Deterioration
		3.9.1 Coleoptera
		3.9.2 Blattodea (Termitoidae)
		3.9.3 Hymenoptera
		3.9.4 Lepidoptera
		3.9.5 Ephemeroptera
		3.9.6 Diptera
	References
Chapter 4: Wood Deterioration by Aquatic Microorganisms
	4.1 Bacteria
	4.2 Bacteria Destroying Pit Membranes
	4.3 True Wood Degrading Bacteria
		4.3.1 Erosion Bacteria
			4.3.1.1 Erosion Bacteria and Cultural Heritage Wood
			4.3.1.2 Niche
			4.3.1.3 Biology
			4.3.1.4 Chemistry of Decay
			4.3.1.5 Mechanism of Decay
			4.3.1.6 Features and Decay Patterns of Erosion Bacteria
		4.3.2 Tunnelling Bacteria
			4.3.2.1 Tunnelling Bacteria and Cultural Heritage Wood
			4.3.2.2 Niche
			4.3.2.3 Biology
			4.3.2.4 Chemistry of Decay
			4.3.2.5 Mechanisms of Decay
			4.3.2.6 Features and Decay Patterns of Tunnelling Bacteria
		4.3.3 Cavitation Bacteria
			4.3.3.1 Cavitation Bacteria and Cultural Heritage Wood
			4.3.3.2 Niche
			4.3.3.3 Biology
			4.3.3.4 Chemistry of Decay
			4.3.3.5 Mechanisms of Decay
			4.3.3.6 Features and Decay Patterns of Cavitation Bacteria
	4.4 Aquatic Fungi
		4.4.1 Soft Rot
			4.4.1.1 Soft Rot and Cultural Heritage Wood
			4.4.1.2 Niche
			4.4.1.3 Biology
			4.4.1.4 Chemistry of Decay
			4.4.1.5 Mechanisms of Decay
			4.4.1.6 Features and Decay Patterns of soft rot
	References
Chapter 5: Wood Deterioration by Marine Borers
	5.1 Marine Borers
	5.2 Marine Borers and Cultural Heritage Wood
	5.3 Molluscs
		5.3.1 Teredinidae
			5.3.1.1 Introduction and Systematics
			5.3.1.2 Morphology and Physiology
			5.3.1.3 Distribution and Niche
			5.3.1.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
		5.3.2 Pholadidae
			5.3.2.1 Introduction and Systematics
			5.3.2.2 Morphology and Physiology
			5.3.2.3 Distribution and Niche
			5.3.2.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
		5.3.3 Xylophagaidae
			5.3.3.1 Introduction and Systematics
			5.3.3.2 Morphology and Physiology
			5.3.3.3 Distribution and Niche
			5.3.3.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
	5.4 Crustaceans
		5.4.1 Limnoriidae
			5.4.1.1 Introduction and Systematics
			5.4.1.2 Morphology and Physiology
			5.4.1.3 Distribution and Niche
			5.4.1.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
		5.4.2 Sphaeromatidae
			5.4.2.1 Introduction and Systematics
			5.4.2.2 Morphology and Physiology
			5.4.2.3 Distribution and Niche
			5.4.2.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
		5.4.3 Cheluridae
			5.4.3.1 Introduction and Systematics
			5.4.3.2 Morphology and Physiology
			5.4.3.3 Distribution and Niche
			5.4.3.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
	5.5 Cohabitation of Borers
	References
Chapter 6: Wood Deterioration by Terrestrial Microorganisms
	6.1 Bacteria
	6.2 Terrestrial Fungi
		6.2.1 Brown Rot
			6.2.1.1 Brown Rot in Cultural Heritage Wood
			6.2.1.2 Biology
			6.2.1.3 Niche
			6.2.1.4 Chemistry of Decay
			6.2.1.5 Mechanisms of Decay
				A Six-Step Mechanism
			6.2.1.6 The Ultrastructure of Brown-Rot Decay
			6.2.1.7 Features and Decay Patterns
				Macroscopic Diagnostic Features
				Microscopic Diagnostic Features
				Decay Patterns
		6.2.2 White Rot
			6.2.2.1 White Rot and Cultural Heritage wood
			6.2.2.2 Biology
			6.2.2.3 Niche
			6.2.2.4 Chemistry of Decay
				Simultaneous Delignification
				Preferential Delignification
			6.2.2.5 Mechanism of Decay
				Simultaneous Rot
				Preferential Rot
			6.2.2.6 The Ultrastructure of White-Rot Decay
				Simultaneous Rot
				Preferential Rot
			6.2.2.7 Features and Decay Patterns
				Macroscopic Diagnostic Features
				Decay Patterns
				Simultaneous rot
				Preferential rot
	References
Chapter 7: Wood Deterioration by Insects
	7.1 Wood-Destroying Insects
	7.2 Insects Damaging Cultural Heritage Wood
	7.3 Coleoptera
		7.3.1 Anobiidae
			7.3.1.1 Introduction and Systematics
			7.3.1.2 Morphology and Physiology
			7.3.1.3 Distribution and Niche
			7.3.1.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
		7.3.2 Ptinidae
			7.3.2.1 Introduction and Systematics
			7.3.2.2 Morphology and Physiology
			7.3.2.3 Distribution and Niche
			7.3.2.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
		7.3.3 Bostrichidae
			7.3.3.1 Introduction and Systematics
			7.3.3.2 Morphology and Physiology
			7.3.3.3 Distribution and Niche
			7.3.3.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
		7.3.4 Cerambycidae
			7.3.4.1 Introduction and Systematics
			7.3.4.2 Morphology and Physiology
			7.3.4.3 Distribution and Niche
			7.3.4.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
	7.4 Blattodea
		7.4.1 Termitoidae
			7.4.1.1 Introduction and Systematics
			7.4.1.2 Morphology and Physiology
			7.4.1.3 Distribution and Niche
			7.4.1.4 Wood Boring and Feeding
	References
Index