Biochemistry

Cover
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Ch 1: Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells
	1-1 Basic Themes
	1-2 Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry
	1-3 The Beginnings of Biology
	1-4 The Biggest Biological Distinction-Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
	1-5 How We Classify Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
	1-6 Biochemical Energetics
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Futher Reading
Ch 2: Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
	2-1 Water and Polarity
	2-2 Hydrogen Bonds
	2-3 Acids, Bases, and pH
	2-4 Titration Curves
	2-5 Buffers
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Futher Reading
Ch 3: Amino Acids and Peptides
	3-1 Amino Acids Are Three-Dimensional
	3-2 Structures and Properties of Amino Acids
	3-3 Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases
	3-4 The Peptide Bond
	3-5 Small Peptides with Physiological Activity
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 4: The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
	4-1 Protein Structure and Function
	4-2 Primary Structure of Proteins
	4-3 Secondary Structure of Proteins
	4-4 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
	4-5 Quaternary Structure of Proteins
	4-6 Protein-Folding Dynamics
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 5: Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques
	5-1 Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells
	5-2 Column Chromatography
	5-3 Electrophoresis
	5-4 Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein
	5-5 Protein Detection Techniques
	5-6 Proteomics
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 6: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes
	6-1 Enzyme Kinetics vs. Thermodynamics
	6-2 Rate of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
	6-3 Enzyme-Substrate Binding
	6-4 The Michaelis-Menten Approach to Enzyme Kinetics
	6-5 Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
	6-6 Enzyme Inhibition
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 7: The Behavior of Proteins: Enzymes, Mechanisms, and Control
	7-1 The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes
	7-2 The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes
	7-3 Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation
	7-4 Zymogens
	7-5 The Nature of the Active Site
	7-6 Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms
	7-7 The Active Site and Transition States
	7-8 Coenzymes
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 8: Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes
	8-1 The Definition of a Lipid
	8-2 The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types
	8-3 Biological Membranes
	8-4 Membrane Proteins
	8-5 The Functions of Membranes
	8-6 Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions
	8-7 Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 9: Nucleic Acids: How Structure Conveys Information
	9-1 Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids
	9-2 The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides
	9-3 The Structure of DNA
	9-4 Denaturation of DNA
	9-5 The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures
	9-6 Roles for RNA
	9-7 RNA and Medical Applications
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 10: Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Replication
	10-1 The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell
	10-2 Replication of DNA
	10-3 DNA Polymerase
	10-4 Proteins Required for DNA Replication
	10-5 Proofreading and Repair
	10-6 DNA Recombination
	10-7 Eukaryotic DNA Replication
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 11: Transcription of the Genetic Code: The Biosynthesis of RNA
	11-1 Overview of Transcription
	11-2 Transcription in Prokaryotes
	11-3 Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes
	11-4 Transcription in Eukaryotes
	11-5 Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes
	11-6 Noncoding RNAs
	11-7 Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins
	11-8 Posttranscriptional RNA Modifications
	11-9 Ribozymes
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 12: Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message
	12-1 Translating the Genetic Message
	12-2 The Genetic Code
	12-3 Amino Acid Activation
	12-4 Prokaryotic Translation
	12-5 Eukaryotic Translation
	12-6 Posttranslational Modification of Proteins
	12-7 Protein Degradation
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 13: Nucleic Acid Biotechnology Techniques
	13-1 Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids
	13-2 Restriction Endonucleases
	13-3 Cloning
	13-4 Genetic Engineering
	13-5 DNA Libraries
	13-6 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
	13-7 DNA Fingerprinting
	13-8 Sequencing DNA
	13-9 Genomics and Proteomics
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 14: Viruses, Cancer, and Immunology
	14-1 Viruses
	14-2 Retroviruses
	14-3 The Immune System
	14-4 Cancer
	14-5 AIDS
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 15: The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in Metabolism
	15-1 Standard States for Free-Energy Changes
	15-2 A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications
	15-3 The Nature of Metabolism
	15-4 The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism
	15-5 Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
	15-6 Coupling of Production and Use of Energy
	15-7 Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 16: Carbohydrates
	16-1 Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry
	16-2 Reactions of Monosaccharides
	16-3 Some Important Oligosaccharides
	16-4 Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides
	16-5 Glycoproteins
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 17: Glycolysis
	17-1 The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis
	17-2 Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose to Three-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
	17-3 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate
	17-4 Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate
	17-5 Energy Production in Glycolysis
	17-6 Control of Glycolysis
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 18: Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism
	18-1 How Glycogen Is Degraded and Produced
	18-2 Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate
	18-3 Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
	18-4 Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
	19-1 The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism
	19-2 The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle
	19-3 How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA
	19-4 The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
	19-5 Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle
	19-6 The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway
	19-7 The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism
	19-8 The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism
	19-9 The Link to Oxygen
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 20: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
	20-1 The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism
	20-2 Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain
	20-3 Organization of Electron Transport Complexes
	20-4 The Connection between Electron Transport and Phosphorylation
	20-5 The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation
	20-6 Shuttle Mechanisms
	20-7 The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 21: Lipid Metabolism
	21-1 Lipids Are Involved in the Generation and Storage of Energy
	21-2 Catabolism of Lipids
	21-3 The Energy Yield from the Oxidation of Fatty Acids
	21-4 Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids
	21-5 Ketone Bodies
	21-6 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
	21-7 Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids
	21-8 Cholesterol Biosynthesis
	21-9 Hormonal Control of Appetite
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 22: Photosynthesis
	22-1 Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis
	22-2 Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
	22-3 Photosynthesis and ATP Production
	22-4 Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen
	22-5 Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2
	22-6 CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 23: The Metabolism of Nitrogen
	23-1 Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview
	23-2 Nitrogen Fixation
	23-3 Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism
	23-4 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
	23-5 Essential Amino Acids
	23-6 Amino Acid Catabolism
	23-7 Purine Biosynthesis
	23-8 Purine Catabolism
	23-9 Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism
	23-10 Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides
	23-11 Conversion of dUDP to dTTP
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Ch 24: Integration of Metabolism: Cellular Signaling
	24-1 Connections between Metabolic Pathways
	24-2 Biochemistry and Nutrition
	24-3 Hormones and Second Messengers
	24-4 Hormones and the Control of Metabolism
	24-5 Insulin and Its Effects
	Summary
	Review Exercises
	Further Reading
Answers to Review Exercises
Index