Biochemical Engineering (Biotechnology in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine)

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
Abstract......Page 17
1. Introduction......Page 18
1.2. Benefits of Biodiesel: Politics......Page 19
1.3. Benefits of Biodiesel: Environment......Page 21
2. Biodiesel Production......Page 22
2.1. Biodiesel Reaction Chemistry......Page 23
2.2. Rate Law......Page 24
2.4. Alcohol Reagent......Page 26
2.5. Catalyst......Page 27
Base Catalysis......Page 28
Heterogeneous Base Catalysts......Page 29
Enzymes......Page 30
3. Selection of Feedstock......Page 32
3.1. Fatty Acid Content......Page 33
3.4. Cold Flow Properties: Cloud Point and Pour Point......Page 34
3.5. Chain Length and Degree of Saturation......Page 35
3.6. Cetane Number......Page 38
3.7. Energy Content......Page 39
4. Manufacturing Art......Page 40
Biodiesel Quality Control......Page 45
5.2. Raw Material Price......Page 47
5.5. Capital Costs......Page 48
6. Environmental Protection......Page 50
7. Conclusion......Page 51
Reference......Page 52
Abstract......Page 57
Introduction......Page 58
1. Optimal Conditions for Enzymatic Synthesis of Acyl Ascorbate in a Batch Reaction......Page 60
2. Continuous Production of Acyl Ascorbate Using a CSTR or PFR......Page 64
3. Solubility of Acyl Ascorbate in Water and Oil......Page 67
4. Stability of Acyl Ascorbate in an Aqueous Solution and Air......Page 68
5. Emulsifier Property of Acyl Ascorbate......Page 74
6. Antioxidative Ability of Acyl Ascorbate against a Lipid in a Bulk System......Page 78
7. Application of Acyl Ascorbate for Microencapsulationof a Lipid......Page 80
Conclusion......Page 85
References......Page 86
1. Introduction......Page 91
2.1. Biosynthesis......Page 92
2.2. Physico-chemical Properties......Page 93
2.3. Structural Characteristics......Page 96
3.1. Assay of Flocculation Activity and Flocculation Rate......Page 97
3.3. Effect of Added Metal Cations and pH......Page 99
3.4. Effect of Temperature......Page 101
3.6. Effect of Crosslinking Poly(γ-glutamic Acid)......Page 102
3.7. Mechanism of Flocculation......Page 105
4. γ-PGA as an Adsorbent of Cationic Dyes......Page 106
4.1. Adsorption Kinetics......Page 107
4.1.1. Boyd’s Ion Exchange Model......Page 109
4.2. Adsorption Isotherms......Page 110
4.3. Effect of Temperature......Page 116
4.4. γ-PGA Dose-activity Relationship......Page 117
4.6. Effect of Electrolytes......Page 118
4.7. Recovery of Adsorbed Dyes......Page 119
5. γ-PGA as an Adsorbent of Chemical Mutagens......Page 120
5.1. Binding of Mutagenic Heterocyclic Amines at Gastrointestinal pH......Page 122
5.2. Suppressive Effect on SOS Response of Salmonella typhimurium Induced by Chemical Mutagens......Page 124
References......Page 127
Abstract......Page 133
1. Introduction......Page 134
2. Molecular Imprinting in Aqueous Media......Page 135
3. Surface Imprinting......Page 139
4. Epitope Approach: A Small Structural Element forthe Whole Molecule Recognition......Page 143
5. Mechanism of the Molecular Imprinting and Recognition......Page 144
6. Conclusion......Page 149
References......Page 150
Abstract......Page 157
Introduction......Page 158
2.1. Lysis-cryptic Growth......Page 159
2.2. Bacteriovoric Metabolism......Page 162
2.3. Maintenance Metabolism......Page 163
2.4. Uncoupled Energy Metabolism......Page 164
1.The Chemical Coupling Hypothesis......Page 165
2. The Conformational Coupling Hypothesis......Page 166
3.2. Mechanism of Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation......Page 167
2. At Unfavorable Temperatures......Page 168
3.3. Application of Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation......Page 169
3.4. Modeling of Uncoupled Energy Metabolism......Page 173
References......Page 175
Abstract......Page 181
1. Introduction......Page 182
2. Fundamentals of Pressure-Driven Membrane Process......Page 185
3.1. Microfiltration......Page 187
3.2. Ultrafiltration......Page 189
3.3. Reverse Osmosis......Page 193
3.4. Nanofiltration......Page 195
References......Page 196
Abstract......Page 201
Introduction......Page 202
Submerged Fermentations......Page 203
Effect of Temperature and pH on Amylase Activity......Page 204
Optimization of Process Parameters in SSF......Page 205
Amylases Production in Food Wastes Supplemented with Starch......Page 207
Effect of pH and Temperature on the Stability of Enzymes......Page 209
Optimization of TAA Production in Solid State Fermentation (SSF)......Page 211
References......Page 219
Introduction......Page 223
Droplets Production via Jetting Process......Page 225
Cell Encapsulation in Microcapsules......Page 228
Agarose Microcapsules......Page 229
Alginate-agarose Composite and Agarose-Gelatin Conjugate Microcapsules......Page 231
Enzymatically-crosslinked Alginate Microcapsules......Page 233
Cell Encapsulation in Ca-alginate Gel Fibers......Page 236
References......Page 237
Abstract......Page 243
Introduction......Page 244
Shear Stress and Mass Transfer Coefficients......Page 247
Impact Stress......Page 251
Hydraulic Stress Generated by Gas......Page 253
Hydraulic Stress Generated by Liquid......Page 254
References......Page 256
Abstract......Page 261
Monod Kinetics......Page 262
Fick’s Laws of Diffusion......Page 263
The Role of Floc Structure in Activated Sludge Modelling......Page 264
The Role of Biofilm Structure in Biofilm Modelling......Page 265
Problems and Current Trends in Activated Sludge and BiofilmModelling......Page 266
References......Page 269
Abstract......Page 273
1. Introduction......Page 274
2. Modelling......Page 275
3.1. Microalgae......Page 276
3.2. Growth Medium......Page 277
3.5. Experimental Procedures......Page 278
4.1. Experiments under the Same Initial pH Value (T = 24.6 oC, pH = 6.5)......Page 280
4.2.1. Effect of pH......Page 281
4.2.2. Temperature Influence......Page 282
4.3. Effect of Cr(VI) on Growth Kinetics......Page 283
4.4. Effect of Cr(VI) on Metabolites Production......Page 285
5. Conclusions......Page 287
References......Page 288
1. Introduction......Page 291
2.2. Analytical Methods......Page 293
3.1. Short-term Dynamics of Various Nitrogen Forms in the Two SBRs......Page 294
3.2. Typical Cycle Study in the Two SBRs......Page 295
3.3. Short-term Dynamics of Biomass Concentration in the Two SBRs......Page 296
3.4. Morphology and Extracellular polymeric Substances of ActivatedSludge Flocs......Page 298
4.1.1. Effect of Carbon Substrates......Page 300
4.1.3. Effect of SRT......Page 301
4.2. Nitrite Accumulation Analysis......Page 302
4.3. Effect of Glucose Addition on the Settlement of Activated Sludge Flocs......Page 303
References......Page 304
Abstract......Page 309
Introduction......Page 310
Chemical Reagents......Page 311
Effect of Commercial Detergent on the Proteolityc Activity of Acacia CavenCrude Extract......Page 312
Results and Discussion......Page 313
Conclusion......Page 319
References......Page 320
Abstract......Page 323
2.1. The Parallel AN/AO Process......Page 324
2.3. Wastewater and Analysis......Page 325
3.1.1. PAO Deactivation in Parallel AN/AO Reactors......Page 327
3.2.2. PAO Rejuvenation in SBR Reactors......Page 330
3.3. Factors Influencing PAO Activity......Page 331
4. Conclusions......Page 333
References......Page 334
1. Introduction......Page 337
2.1. Bilirubin-Albumin Binding......Page 339
2.2. Bilirubin Phase-Partition......Page 341
3. Dialysis Process......Page 342
4. Adsorption Process......Page 345
5. Simulation of a Recirculating Albumin Dialysis Liver Support Device......Page 350
References......Page 352
INDEX......Page 357