Biochar-Based Catalysts: Preparation, Characterization and Applications

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Sustainable Materials and Technology Series
Biochar-Based Catalysts: Preparation, Characterization and Applications
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Contents
Nanobiochar: An Emerging Material for the Environment, Energy, and Biomedical Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Synthesis of NBC
	3. NBC for Environmental Remediation Applications
	4. NBC for Energy Application
	5. Biomedical Application of NBC
	6. Toxicity of the NBC-Based Sustainable Materials
	7. Conclusions
	References
Biochar as Catalyst
	1. Introduction
	2. Applicability of Biochar as the Catalyst
		2.1 Biochar-Catalyzed Production of Biodiesel
		2.2 Tar Removal Using Biochar as Catalyst
		2.3 Biochar as Catalyst for the Biomass Hydrolysis
	3. Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References
Functionalization of Biochar for Catalysis
	1. Introduction
	2. Biochar as the Catalyst Support
		2.1 Biochar Activation
	3. Biochar Functionalization
		3.1 Doping of Metal
		3.2 Doping with Non-metal
		3.3 Doping of Polymer
	4. Methods of Characterization for Biochar
		4.1 Physical Properties
		4.2 Chemical Properties
		4.3 Surface Structure and Morphology
		4.4 Stability of Biochar
	5. Catalytic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Value-Added Chemicals
		5.1 Biochar as a Catalyst in Hydrolysis of Biomass
		5.2 Biochar as Catalyst of Isomerization and Dehydration
		5.3 Biochar as a Catalyst for Rehydration of Biomass
	6. Conclusion
	References
Biochar-Based Photocatalysts and Their Application
	1. Introduction
	2. Photocatalyst and Its Mechanism
		2.1 Doping with TiO2, ZnO, and Other Photocatalysts
	3. Sources of Biochar
		3.1 Animal Biomass
		3.2 Agriculture Waste
		3.3 Industrial Waste
	4. Doping of Biochar with Semiconductors
		4.1 Doping of Biochar with TiO2
		4.2 Doping of Biochar with ZnO
	5. Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants Using Biochar-Based Photocatalyst.
		5.1 Photodegradation of Dyes Using Biochar-Based Photocatalyst
		5.2 Photodegradation of Pesticides Using Biochar-Based Photocatalyst
		5.3 Photodegradation of Drugs Using Biochar-Based Photocatalyst
	6. Conclusion
	References
Application of Biochar-Based Metal Catalyst and Their Uses
	1. Introduction
	2. Different Methods of Synthesis
		2.1 Pyrolysis
		2.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization
		2.3 Another Way to Prepare
	3. A Broad Approach to Enhancing Biochar
		3.1 Physical Modification
		3.2 Chemical Modification
		3.3 Chloride Modification
	4. Surface Activity of the Biochar in Catalyst
		4.1 Loading of Metal Nanoparticles
		4.2 Loading of Functional Materials
		4.3 Other Surface Doping
	5. Biochar-Based Metal Catalyst Application
		5.1 Esterification/Transesterification Reaction
		5.2 Transesterification Reaction
		5.3 Catalytic Reforming and Cracking Reaction
		5.4 Catalytic Gasification
	6. Biomass Hydrolysis
	7. Catalytic Hydrogenation Reaction
	8. Reactions Involving Catalytic Isomerisation, Hydroxylation, and Deoxygenation
	9. Photo-Catalytic Oxidation
	10. Conclusion
	References
Biochar-Based Metallic Nanoparticle Catalysts and Their Applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Preparation Routes of the Biochar-Based Metallic Catalysts
		2.1 Biochar Synthesis
	3. Characterization and Properties of Biochar-Based Metallic Nanoparticles Catalysts
	4. Applications of Biochar-Based Metallic Composites
		4.1 Mechanism of Removal/Catalysis Process Using Biochar-Based Metallic Nanoparticles
		4.2 Water Treatment
		4.3 Biochar-Based Metallic Nanocatalysts for Energy Production Applications
	5. Conclusion
	References
Biochar-Based Catalyst for Degradation of Organic Pollutants
	1. Introduction
	2. Biochar Preparation
		2.1 Torrefaction
		2.2 Pyrolysis
		2.3 Gasification
		2.4 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC)
		2.5 Flash Carbonization
	3. Biochar Catalytic Properties and Activation
		3.1 Impregnation
		3.2 Chemical Treatment
		3.3 Physical Activation
		3.4 Miscellaneous Activators
	4. Biochar-Based Degradation of Organic Compounds
		4.1 Dyes
		4.2 Pharmaceutical Contaminants
		4.3 Phenolic Contaminants
	5. Degradation Kinetics and Its Factors for Biochar Reaction
	6. Remediation of Organic Pollutants Using Advanced Oxidation Processes
		6.1 Photolysis, UV Peroxidation, and UV Chlorination
		6.2 Catalytic Ozonation
		6.3 Photocatalysis
		6.4 Fenton and Fenton-Related Processes
		6.5 AOPs Based on Sulfate Radical
		6.6 Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes
	7. Conclusion
	References
Biochar-Based Catalysts for Reduction Reactions
	1. Introduction
	2. Biochar-Based Catalysts for Reduction Reactions
		2.1 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
		2.2 Biochar-Based Catalysts for Reduction of Heavy Metal Ions
		2.3 Biochar-Based Catalyst for Hydrotreating Process
		2.4 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Lignin
		2.5 Reduction of Guaiacol to Arenes or Phenols
		2.6 Biochar Based Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Furfural
		2.7 Biochar Composite for the Degradation of Aqueous Doxycycline
		2.8 Degradation of Tetracycline Using Fenton-like Catalyst
		2.9 N-Doped Biochar Catalyst for Degradation of Acid Orange 7
		2.10 Degradation of Methyl Orange
	3. Outlooks and Challenges
	References
Biochar Catalyst for Oxidation Reactions
	1. Introduction
	2. Biochar as Oxidation Catalyst
		2.1 Role of Adsorption in Biochar Based Oxidation Processes
		2.2 Application of Biochar Based Catalysis for Oxidation Reactions
	3. Application of Biochar Catalyzed AOPs in Waste Water Treatment
	4. Parameters Influencing the Oxidation Processes
		4.1 Influence of Initial Solution pH
		4.2 Influence of the Catalyst Dosage
		4.3 Influence of the Temperature
		4.4 Influence of the Co-existing Anions
		4.5 Cost and Viability
	5. Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Biochar-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical Utilization
	1. Introduction
	2. Biochar, Sources, and Salient Features
		2.1 Salient Features of Biochar
	3. Treatments Given to Biochar and Their Effects
		3.1 Sources, Selection of Feedstock
		3.2 Pyrolysis Conditions
		3.3 Temperature
		3.4 Atmosphere
		3.5 Acid Base Treatment
		3.6 Doping
	4. Catalytic Applications of Biochar: Origin and Electrochemical Properties
		4.1 Origin
		4.2 Catalytic Activities of Biochar for Electrochemical Utilization
	5. Conclusion
	6. Conflicts of Interests
	References
Biochar-Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Production
	1. Introduction
	2. Types of Biochar-Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Production
		2.1 Metal-Based Catalysts Supported on Biochar
		2.2 Non-metal-based Catalysts Supported on Biochar
	3. Conclusion
	References