Bio-Engineering Approaches to Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

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Bio-Engineering
Approaches to
Cancer Diagnosis
and Treatment
Copyright
Chapter 1 - Introduction
	Chapter outline
	1.1 - Cancer immunology
	1.2 - Cancer stem cell
	1.3 - Cancer and immune system impairment
	1.4 - Cancer therapy and immunotherapy
	1.5 - Immunoassay diagnosis technics in cancer
	1.6 - Bioengineering assisted cancer imaging using nonbiological components
	1.7 - Bioengineering assisted cancer treatment using nonbiological components
	1.8 - Principles of heat and fluid flow
		1.8.1 - Fluid mechanics
			1.8.1.1 - Euler and Bernoulli equations
			1.8.1.2 - Nondimensional parameters
		1.8.2 - Heat transfer
			1.8.2.1 - Conduction heat transfer
			1.8.2.2 - Convective heat transfer
			1.8.2.3 - Radiation heat transfer
		1.8.3 - Thermodynamic
			1.8.3.1 - Zeroth law of thermodynamics
			1.8.3.2 - The first law of thermodynamics
			1.8.3.3 - The second law of thermodynamics
			1.8.3.4 - The third law of thermodynamics
	References
Chapter 2 - Diagnostic imaging in cancer
	Chapter outline
	2.1 - X-ray-based systems including CT scan
		2.1.1 - Principle
		2.1.2 - Kinds of radiopaque contrast agent
		2.1.3 - Advantages and disadvantages
	2.2 - Magnetic resonance systems
		2.2.1 - Principle
		2.2.2 - Kinds of magnetic probes to enhance MRI contrast
		2.2.3 - Advantages and disadvantages
	2.3 - Ultrasound
		2.3.1 - Microbubbles-based contrast agent
		2.3.2 - Advantages and disadvantages
	2.4 - Nonionizing electromagnetic imaging
		2.4.1 - Kinds of nonionizing electromagnetic imaging
			2.4.1.1 - Thermo-acoustic imaging
			2.4.1.2 - Electrical impedance tomography
			2.4.1.3 - Near-infrared optical tomography
		2.4.2 - Advantages and disadvantages
	2.5 - Radiopharmaceutical imaging
		2.5.1 - Application of radiopharmaceutical imaging
		2.5.2 - Advantages and disadvantages
	2.6 - PET and PET/CT
		2.6.1 - Emission detection in PET
		2.6.2 - Advantages and disadvantages
	References
Chapter 3 - Immune assay assisted cancer diagnostic
	Chapter outline
	3.1 - Polyclonal antibody-based immune assays
	3.2 - Monoclonal antibody-based immune assays
		3.2.1 Phage display
		3.2.2 Serological proteome analysis (SERPA)
		3.2.3 - Multiple affinity protein profiling (mapping)
		3.2.4 - Proteomic microarray
	3.3 - Antibody-based microarray
		3.3.1 - PTM and its role in cancer diagnosis
	3.4 - Antibody-based immunosensors
	3.5 - Combination of imaging and immunodiagnostics
		3.5.1 - Urine as a noninvasive body fluid
	References
Chapter Immunotherapy
	Abstract
	Keywords
	4.1 - Cancer immunotherapy
		4.1.1 - Blockade of immune checkpoints
			4.1.1.1 - CTLA4
			4.1.1.2 - PD-1
		4.1.2 - Oncolytic viral therapy
		4.1.3 - Adoptive cell therapy
			4.1.3.1 - CAR
			4.1.3.2 - ETC
		4.1.4 - Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte
	4.2 - Antibody based targeted therapy
		4.2.1 - The mechanism of antibody based targeted therapy
		4.2.2 - Whole antibody or antibody fragments
		4.2.3 - Immunoconjugates and unconjugated antibody
		4.2.4 - Clinical examinations
	4.3 - Radio immunotherapy (RIT)
		4.3.1 - Radiotherapy
			4.3.1.1 - Radiotherapy and its effect on the immune system
		4.3.2 - Radioimmune therapy
		4.3.3 - Clinical and preclinical studies of RIT for cancer treatment
	4.4 - Chemo immunotherapy
		4.4.1 - Chemotherapy
			4.4.1.1 - Mechanism of action
			4.4.1.2 - Chemotherapy regimens and drugs for the treatment of various cancers
			4.4.1.3 - Chemotherapy, definitive treatment for cancer?
		4.4.2 - Chemo immunotherapy
			4.4.2.1 - Mechanisms of chemo immunotherapy
		4.4.3 - Clinical examination of chemo immunotherapy
	4.5 - Antibody-drug conjugate
		4.5.1 - Antigens
			4.5.1.1 - Specific antigens in cancer stem cells
		4.5.2 - Antibodies
		4.5.3 - Linkers and conjugates
		4.5.4 - Drugs
			4.5.4.1 - The most important drugs used in ADCs are discussed further
		4.5.5 - Case study
		4.5.6 - Prospect
	4.6 - Cancer vaccine
		4.6.1 - Main strategies in cancer vaccine production
			4.6.1.1 - Dendritic cell vaccine
			4.6.1.2 - Peptide/protein vaccine
		4.6.2 - DNA/mRNA vaccines
		4.6.3 - Tumor cell vaccines
		4.6.4 - Viral vaccines
		4.6.5 - Biomaterials in delivery and targeting
		4.6.6 - Case study
		4.6.7 - Future prospect
	4.7 - Nonspecific immunotherapy
		4.7.1 - Cytokines in nonspecific immunotherapy
			4.7.1.1 - Interleukins
			4.7.1.2 - Interleukin-2
			4.7.1.3 - Interferons
		4.7.2 - Immune checkpoint inhibitors
	References
Chapter 5 -  therapy
	5.1 - Adoptive cell-based therapy in combination with chemotherapy
		5.1.1 - Cancer therapy with TIL
		5.1.2 - Cancer therapy with TCR
		5.1.3 - CAR T cell therapy
		5.1.4 - Dendritic cell-based therapy
	5.2 - Innate cell-based therapy
		5.2.1 - Innate cells
		5.2.2 - Innate lymphoid cells
		5.2.3 - NK cells
		5.2.4 - Innate or adaptive immunity?
		5.2.5 - Preclinical and clinical examination of innate cell therapy
	5.3 - Progenitor stem cell therapy
		5.3.1 - Hematopoietic progenitor cells in cancer therapy
		5.3.2 - IPSC in cancer therapy
	References
Chapter 6 - Laser-assisted cancer treatment
	Chapter outline
	6.1 - Predicting the optical properties
		6.1.1 - Mie theory
		6.1.2 - Discrete dipole approximation
	6.2 - Photothermal therapy
		6.2.1 - Gold nanoshells
		6.2.2 - Gold nanorods
		6.2.3 - Gold nanocage
		6.2.4 - Gold nanostars
		6.2.5 - Carbon nanotubes
		6.2.6 - Graphene
	6.3 - Photodynamic therapy
		6.3.1 - Methylene blue
		6.3.2 - Photogem
		6.3.3 - Chlorins
		6.3.4 - Curcumin
		6.3.5 - Phthalocyanines
		6.3.6 - Hypericin
	6.4 - NIR-triggered anticancer drug delivery
		6.4.1 - Photothermal-guided drug release (PT-NIRSRS)
		6.4.2 - Two-photon conversion guided drug release (TP-NIRSRS)
		6.4.3 - Upconverting nanoparticles guided drug release (UP-NIRSRS)
	6.5 - Cross-section absorption of graphene oxide
		6.5.1 - Minimization of lateral thermal diffusion and scattering
		6.5.2 - Obtaining cross-section absorption of GO
	Reference
Chapter 7 - Application of magnetic and electric fields for cancer therapy
	Chapter outline
	7.1 - Magnetic nanoparticles properties
	7.2 - Bioengineering application of electromagnetic fields
	7.3 - Governing equations
	7.4 - Electromagnetic fields application in drug delivery
		7.4.1 - Magnetic nanocarriers for controlled drug delivery
		7.4.2 - Magnetic field for controlled drug delivery
		7.4.3 - Magnetic force applied to nanocarriers
	7.5 - Hyperthermia
		7.5.1 - The application of MNPs in hyperthermia therapy
		7.5.2 - Sources of heat production in MNP
			7.5.2.1 - Eddy current heat loss
			7.5.2.2 - Hysteresis loss
			7.5.2.3 - Residual loss
	7.6 - Application of external magnet on cancerous solid tumors
	References
Chapter Ultrasound applications in cancer therapy
	Chapter outline
	8.1 - Ultrasound in biomedical engineering
	8.2 - Approved modes for ultrasound therapy
		8.2.1 - Thermal ultrasound therapeutic applications
			8.2.1.1 - Physical therapy
			8.2.1.2 - Hyperthermia
			8.2.1.3 - High intensity focused ultrasound
		8.2.2 - Non-thermal ultrasound therapeutic applications
			8.2.2.1 - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
			8.2.2.2 - Intracorporeal lithotripsy
			8.2.2.3 - Other ultrasound devices (kilohertz-frequency)
				A) - Harmonic scalpel
				B) - Sonicators
				C) - Microbubbles and cavitation
		8.2.3 - Effects of ultrasonic waves on tissues and blood
			8.2.3.1 - Temperature rise in the tissue and biofluids
			8.2.3.2 - Bubble formation
			8.2.3.3 - Mechanical tension
			8.2.3.4 - Nonlinear effects of ultrasound on blood
	8.3 - Governing equations
		8.3.1 - Linear ultrasonic relationships
		8.3.2 - Westervelt equation
		8.3.3 Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) equation
		8.3.4 Kuznetsov equation
	8.4 - Ultrasonic-activated drug delivery
		8.4.1 - Drug carriers for ultrasound drug delivery
			8.4.1.1 - Liposomes
			8.4.1.2 - Micelles
			8.4.1.3 - Microbubbles
			8.4.1.4 - Microspheres
		8.4.2 - Sonodynamic therapy (SDT)
		8.4.3 - Chemotherapy combination with ultrasound
			8.4.3.1 - Chemotherapy in presence of ultrasound (US + Chemo)
			8.4.3.2 - Chemotherapy in presence of ultrasound and microbubbles (US + Chemo + microbubbles)
			8.4.3.3 - Chemotherapy-loaded microbubbles and ultrasound (US + Chemo loaded microbubbles)
			8.4.3.4 - Chemotherapy-loaded polymeric micelles or liposomes and ultrasound (US + Chemo loaded micelles)
			8.4.3.5 - Chemotherapy-loaded liposomes in presence of ultrasound and microbubbles (US + Chemo loaded micelles + microbubbles)
			8.4.3.6 - Chemotherapy-loaded liposomes attached to microbubbles and ultrasound (US + Chemo loaded micelles attached to mic...
			8.4.3.7 - Chemotherapy in presence of ultrasound and magnetic nanoparticles loaded onto microbubbles and (US + Chemo loaded...
		8.4.4 - Ultrasound-mediated gene transfection
		8.4.5 - Transdermal drug delivery
		8.4.6 - Cardiovascular disease
	8.5 - Application of HIFU on thermal ablation
	References
Chapter 9 - Application of microfluidics in cancer treatment
	Chapter outline
	9.1 - Introduction
		9.1.1 - Surface acoustic waves
		9.1.2 - Generation of SAW-induced streaming
		9.1.3 - Application of SAW
	9.2 - Microfluidic system
		9.2.1 - Microfluidic devices
			9.2.1.1 - Valves
			9.2.1.2 - Pumps
			9.2.1.3 - Micromixers
			9.2.1.4 - Types of materials
			9.2.1.5 - Considerations
			9.2.1.6 - Cell washing
	9.3 - Microfluidic systems in cancer
	9.4 - Governing equations
		9.4.1 - Equations of perturbation theory caused by the acoustic field
		9.4.2 - Second-order equations
	9.5 - Acoustophoretic motion of particles in a PDMS microchannel using SAW
		9.5.1 - Streamlines
		9.5.2 - The acoustic streaming V2
		9.5.3 - Pressure
		9.5.4 - Intensity
		9.5.5 - Force
		9.5.6 - Motion of particles
	References
Index
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