Bilingual Study and Research: The Need and the Challenges

Contents
Bilingual Study and Research: The Need and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Bilingual Legal Education in Belgium
	3 Bilingual Legal Education in Canada
	4 Bilingual Legal Education in China
	5 Bilingual Legal Education in Czechia
	6 Bilingual Legal Education in Finland
	7 Bilingual Legal Education in France
	8 Bilingual Legal Education in Germany
	9 Bilingual Legal Education in Italy
	10 Bilingual Legal Education in Japan
	11 Bilingual Legal Education in Mexico
	12 Bilingual Legal Education in Romania
	13 Bilingual Legal Education in Singapore
	14 Bilingual Legal Education in Taiwan
	15 Bilingual Legal Education in the United States
	References
Multilinguism in Legal Practice and Legal Education: The Case of Belgium
	1 Introduction
	2 Regulatory Framework
		2.1 Overview of the Distribution of Competences in the Field of Education and the Use of Languages for Educational Purposes
		2.2 Language Education and Education in a Foreign Language: The Regulatory Framework Applicable in the Flemish Community to Un...
			2.2.1 Maximum Limits Imposed by or Pursuant to the Decrees of the Flemish Community
			2.2.2 The curriculum´s Agreed Minimum Content with Regard to Language Skills
		2.3 Language Education and Education in a Foreign Language: The Regulatory Framework Applicable in the French Community to Uni...
			2.3.1 Maximum Limits Imposed by or Pursuant to the Decrees of the French Community
			2.3.2 The Curriculum´s Agreed Minimum Content with Regard to Language Skills
	3 Some Facts and Figures
		3.1 The Université Saint-Louis: Bruxelles
		3.2 KU Leuven
	4 Bilingual (and Trilingual) Bachelors in Law at the Université Saint-Louis-Bruxelles and the KU Leuven-Campus Brussels
		4.1 The Underlying Motives
		4.2 The Multilingual Bachelors in Law at the Université Saint-Louis-Bruxelles and KU Leuven, Campus Brussels: Facts and Figures
			4.2.1 History
			4.2.2 Evolution of the Number of Students
			4.2.3 Language Proficiency for Admission: The Profile of Students Following a Bilingual Program
		4.3 Content of the Various Bilingual Bachelor Programs
			4.3.1 Overview of the Monolingual Bachelor Programs
			4.3.2 The Bilingual Bachelor Program, Jointly Organized by KU Leuven-Campus Brussels and the Université Saint-Louis-Bruxelles
			4.3.3 The Bilingual French-English Bachelor Program at the Université Saint-Louis-Bruxelles
			4.3.4 The Trilingual French-Dutch-English Bachelor Program at the Université Saint-Louis-Bruxelles
		4.4 Resources
		4.5 The Outcome
		4.6 The Future
Transsystemic and Multilingual Contexts of Legal Education: Short Iterations on Two Dogmas of Legal Positivism
	1 Introduction
	2 A First Dogma of Legal Positivism: The Rule-Paradigm
	3 A Second Dogma of Legal Positivism: A ``Realist´´ Epistemology
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
National Report: Bilingual Legal Education in China
	1 Bilingual Legal Education in China
	2 Bilingual Legal Education for Chinese students
		2.1 Bilingual Legal Education in Ethnic Minority Areas in China
			2.1.1 Inner Mongolia University Law School
		2.2 Bilingual Legal Education in Non-Ethnic Minority Areas
			2.2.1 Chinese and English
				Renmin University of China Law School
				Peking University School of Transnational Law
				China University of Political Science and Law
					China: EU School of Law(ECSL)
					College of Comparative Law of CUPL
				Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Koguan School of Law
				Southwest University of Political Science and Law, School of International Law
				Shanghai University of Finance and Economics School of Law
			2.2.2 Chinese and One Foreign Language
				Law School of Shandong University
		2.3 Short Analysis and Summary
	3 Bilingual Legal Education for Foreign Students-Chinese Law Program
		3.1 Introduction of Chinese Law Program
		3.2 Career Development After Graduation
		3.3 Bilingual Legal Education in Chinese Law Program
		3.4 Examples
			3.4.1 Peking University
			3.4.2 Tsinghua University
			3.4.3 Fudan University
			3.4.4 Renmin University of China
Language Aspects of Legal Education and Research in Czechia: Recent Dominance of English in International Communication and He...
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Foreword
		1.2 Approach
		1.3 Minority Languages in Czechia
		1.4 Czech as National and State Language
		1.5 English in Czechia
	2 English as Global Lingua Franca and Its Impact on Academia
		2.1 Remark of Esperanto
		2.2 Consequences of the Dominance of English
		2.3 Academia as a Forefront of Anglicisation and Overlap with Internationalisation
		2.4 Students Exchange and Education of Domestic Students
		2.5 Shortcomings of Anglicisation
		2.6 English Advertisement for Academic Jobs and Mandatory English Habilitations
		2.7 Relation Between Law and Language
		2.8 Specifics of Internationalisation of Legal Practice, Education and Publishing
		2.9 Complementarity of International and European Laws
		2.10 Dominance of a Language of Common Law in International Legal Discourse
	3 Other Foreign Languages in Czech Law, Legal Education, and Research
		3.1 History Changing Language Landscape
		3.2 Turbulent Developments of Czech Law
		3.3 Latin: Roots of European Culture
		3.4 German: Former Dominance and Recent Impulse
		3.5 French: Remembering Its Importance in International Culture and Politics
		3.6 Russian: Surprisingly Weak Impact
		3.7 Polish: Stronger Role than Expected
		3.8 Slovak: Younger Brother
	4 Conclusions
		4.1 Czechia as Namibia and Pakistan in Tertiary Education?
		4.2 Balance of Czech, English and Other Languages in Legal Education and Research
		4.3 Impetuous Anglicisation Averted
		4.4 Need for Language Policy and Icelandic Inspiration
	References
Bilingual Legal Education in Finland
	1 Finland and Bilingualism
		1.1 The Notion of Bilingualism
		1.2 Finland and Bilingualism in General
		1.3 Bilingualism in the Education System
	2 Bilingual Legal Education at the University of Helsinki
		2.1 General Facts About the University of Helsinki and the Faculty of Law
		2.2 Structure and Content of the Legal Education
			2.2.1 Structure
			2.2.2 Studies, Courses and Examination
		2.3 The Vaasa Unit of Legal Studies
	3 Evaluation of the Bilingual Legal Education System
Bilingual Legal Education: A French Perspective
	1 Background to Bilingual Legal Education
	2 Defining Bilingual Legal Education in the French Context
	3 Mapping French Bilingual Legal Education
	4 Institutional Settings
	5 Global Drive for Bilingual Legal Programmes
		5.1 International Exchange Programmes
		5.2 Double Degrees and Joint Law Degrees
		5.3 Degrees Partially Taught in a Foreign Language
	6 Need for Bilingual Jurists and How to Meet It
		6.1 Bilingual Legal Skills in the Workplace
		6.2 Bilingual Legal Skills in the Academia
	7 Challenges of Bilingual Education in France
	8 Conclusion
	References
	Legal Documents
	Secondary Sources
Language in Law and in German Universities´ Legal Education: With a Glance on European Networks
	1 By Way of Introduction: A Few Foundational Words on the Importance of Language and Its Diversity in Law
	2 Survey on German Universities´ Pluri-Linguist Offers in Legal Education
		2.1 Foreign Language Requirements/Courses in the State Exam (German Final Exam in Law)
			2.1.1 Overall Framework
			2.1.2 List of Universities with Extended Programmes of Foreign Law Taught in Mother Tongue (``Fremdsprachiges Rechtsstudium´´,...
			2.1.3 List of Universities Allowing the Year of Specialisation to be Passed Abroad (``Schwerpunkt im Ausland´´)
		2.2 Master Programmes (LL.M.) at German Universities (in German and Foreign Language)
			2.2.1 Overall Framework
			2.2.2 Master Programmes (LL.M.) on German Law (or Large Sub-Areas)
			2.2.3 Master Programmes (LL.M.) on Targeted Subject Areas or Regional Contexts
		2.3 Double Degree Programmes (with Participation of German Universities)
		2.4 Funding and Summary
	3 Educational and Policy Considerations
	4 Language in Europe and in the European Law School in Particular
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Annex 1: Einige grundlegende Überlegungen zur Bedeutung von Sprache (und Vielsprachigkeit) im Recht - sowie zur European Law S...
	Annexe 2: Quelques considérations élémentaires sur l´importance de la langue (et du plurilinguisme) en droit - et sur la Europ...
	References
Bilingual Legal Education in Italy: Translating Languages Into Teaching Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Bilingual Regions and Legal Education
		2.1 Premise
		2.2 Bilingual Regions and Normative Bilingualism
		2.3 University Legal Education in Bilingual Regions
		2.4 Post Graduate Legal Education in Bilingual Regions
	3 Bilingual Legal Education on the National Level
		3.1 Internationalization
		3.2 Europeanization
		3.3 A Relevant Example: Trento University Faculty of Law
		3.4 Obstacles and Challenges
	4 Conclusions
	References
Bilingual Legal Education in Japan
Bilingual Legal Education in Mexico: Studying the Native Languages and Looking at Global Law
	1 Introduction. Some Data About Mexico
	2 The Teaching of Law
		2.1 Universities and Law Students
		2.2 Foreign Students and Visiting Professors
	3 Towards a Bilingual Legal Education
		3.1 Intercultural Universities
		3.2 The Master in American Law
		3.3 Advantages of Bilingual Legal Education in Mexico
	4 Conclusions
	References
Études juridiques bilingues: opportunités et defies en Roumanie
	1 Les informations générales sur l`Université de Bucarest - Faculté de Droit
	2 Les programmes d`enseignement juridique en langues étrangères
		2.1 Le cursus classique à la Faculté de Droit de l´Université de Bucarest
		2.2 Le double cursus franco-roumain à la Faculté de Droit de l´Université de Bucarest
		2.3 Le projet d´un double cursus hispano-roumain à la Faculté de Droit de l´Université de Bucarest
		2.4 Les autres facultés de droit de Roumanie
		2.5 Le nombre des professeurs invités par année
	3 L`organisation des programmes d`enseignement juridique en langues étrangères
		3.1 L´importance de l´éducation juridique bilingue
		3.2 La situation des professeurs employés
		3.3 Le besoin d`organiser des cours bilingues
		3.4 Les difficultés de coté des étudiants/de la faculté/des autorités
		3.5 Les domaines du droit enseignant en langues étrangères
	4 La valeur des langues étrangères en activité professionnelle
	5 Les méthodes d` évaluation les étudiants
	6 Les sources de documentation les cours bilingues
	7 Les défis de l`enseignement en langues étrangères
		7.1 Le niveau différent du langue
		7.2 Les changement dans les derniers 5 ans
		7.3 Cohésion entre la théorie et la pratique
		7.4 Les perspectives
	8 L`option pour la langue
Legal Monolingualism in a Multilingual State: Whither Bilingual Legal Education in Singapore?
	1 Introduction
	2 Multilingualism in Singapore
		2.1 History
		2.2 State Language Policy
	3 Legal Monolingualism
	4 The Legal Education Landscape: General Background
		4.1 National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
			4.1.1 Student Body Profile
			4.1.2 Faculty Profile
			4.1.3 Courses by Visiting Professors
		4.2 Singapore Management University School of Law
		4.3 Singapore University of Social Sciences School of Law
		4.4 Foreign Universities
	5 Opportunities for Bilingual Legal Education at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
		5.1 The `Chinese Legal Tradition and Legal Chinese´ Course
		5.2 Student Exchange Programmes
		5.3 Miscellaneous
	6 Prospects for Bilingual Legal Education in Singapore
		6.1 Degree Programmes: Promise or Pipe Dream?
		6.2 Challenges and Obstacles
	7 Conclusion
	References
Bilingual Legal Education in Taiwan
	1 The National Taiwan University College of Law
	2 Bilingual Legal Education Program in Taiwan
Bilingual Legal Education in the United States: The Deficient Status Quo and a Call for More Action
	1 Introduction: The American Problem with English as a Global Legal Language
	2 The Status Quo: The Marginal Role of Foreign Language Training
		2.1 Dual Degree Programs: True Bilingualism?
		2.2 Courses at US Law Schools: Degrees of Immersion
		2.3 Going Overseas: Studying and Working Abroad
		2.4 Languages Covered: Towards a More Global Range
		2.5 Teaching Materials: The Predominance of Spanish
	3 The Benefits: Three Reasons to Teach Law in a Foreign Language
		3.1 Working in a Foreign Language: Clients with Insufficient English
			3.1.1 Career Advantages
			3.1.2 Avoiding Misunderstandings
			3.1.3 Access to Justice, Client Dignity, and Professional Obligations
		3.2 Acquiring Cultural Awareness: Foreign Mindsets
			3.2.1 Access to a Particular Foreign Legal Culture
			3.2.2 General Cultural Sensitivity
			3.2.3 Understanding One´s Own Culture
		3.3 Enhancing Cognitive Abilities: Brain-Training for Lawyers
		3.4 The Varying Scope of Benefits: Language Skills and Beyond
	4 The Possibilities: Talent Pools and Teaching Options
		4.1 Foreign Language Skills Among Students
		4.2 Foreign Language Skills Among Faculty
		4.3 A Dose of Realism
	5 Conclusion: A Question of Commitment
	References